judicious to treat the narrative of public events, and all the subsidiary details, up to the Revolution of 1688, as forming, in some degree, a separate and complete work. With that view, I have added a copious Index to the four volumes. It is now almost the invariable custom in all competitions of students, to divide their examinations in English history into two great eras-the period before the Revolution, and the more modern period. For the period to 1689, either Hume's or Lingard's histories have been generally chosen as the works to be studied. I may venture to affirm that, in our immediate day,'the growth of a sounder public sentiment repudiates such a choice of either of these books, in some respects so valuable. The political prejudices of Hume,-the ecclesiastical convictions of Lingard,— render them very unsafe guides in the formation of the principles of the youth of this kingdom. Without pretending that I have supplied the want, I trust that I have made some approaches to such a result, by an earnest desire to present a true picture of past events and opinions as far as I could realise them. In treating of the past I have endeavoured to keep steadily in view its certain influence upon the future. Without formally pointing out the tendencies of particular events, and the ultimate consequences of the prevalence of particular opinions, I have tried to evolve the conviction that, through many long and painful struggles, we have been constantly tending toward a complete union of monarchical institutions with the largest amount of freedom, whether of associated action, of public discussion, or of private conduct. In describing the religious contests of four centuries, I have striven to show how, amidst all their evils, the spirit of Protestantism has been invariably allied with the progress of liberal institutions and national independence; but at the same time I have not forgotten that the principle of toleration is the one great good that has been slowly working its way, as the passions and prejudices of Churches and Sects have yielded to the universal right of liberty of conscience, that principle which will finally, we may hope, bind all Christian men together in a brotherhood of love. In reference to the foreign relations of England, whether in peace or war, I am not ashamed to avow that I have invariably taken a patriotic rather than a cosmopolitan view; believing that the proud nationality which England cherishes is no base ingredient of her people's character, and that every one of our truly great leaders in the physical and moral, struggles which have led to our eminence amongst the nations, has been imbued with the conviction that
"In every thing we are sprung Of earth's first blood, have titles manifold."
I propose that the Second Division of the " Popular History of England” shall come down to that period of the reign of her present Majesty which has become a constitutional epoch. This period will include the great change in Representation, effected by the Reform Act; and it will extend to that not less important change of Free Trade, which was the crowning glory of a period of wondrous material development,-to become still more wonderful. It would be rash in me, with my experience of the difficulty of fixing precise limits of quantity to a narrative embracing so many essential points, to define with exactness the extent of this second portion of my History. The unity of plan, which must result from the whole history being the work of one mind, will prevent an approach to any undue expansion. I pursue my undertaking, with the earnest desire to bring it to a close as speedily as I can, consistently with my duty not to let such desire lead me into the production of a mere superficial suminary of a century and a half of England's greatest progress.
ABURY, the Druidical temple at, i. 12 Acton Burnel, statute of, passed in 1283, i. 385 Adjutators, organisation of the, iv. 70; refusal of, to allow the army to be disbanded, ibid.; seizure of Charles I. by, at Holmby, 71
Adminius, son of Cunobelin, instigates a Roman invasion of Britain, i. 16
Agincourt, description of, and its locality, ii. 61; battle of, on Oct. 25, 1415, 62-64
Agricola, the great civiliser of Britain, i. 20; is ap- pointed to the command of Britain, A.D. 69, 26; campaign of, 26, 27; attack on Galgacus and the Caledonians by, 27; ascertains that Britain is an island, 28; announces the possession of "the very extremity of Britain," ibid.; recalled by Domitian, A.D. 84, 29; line of forts from the Clyde to the Forth raised by, 29, 30; notice of the works of, in Britain, 36; caused the sciences and the Roman language to be taught to the sons of Bri- tish chiefs, 40; established municipalities, 44 Agriculture in Britain, state of, under the Romans, i. 35
Alba, duke of. See Philip of Spain
Alban, St., legend of the martyrdom of, as told by Bede, i. 51
Albion, belief of its once having formed part of the continent, i. 1
Alexius, emperor of the East, receives the Anglo- Saxons expelled by William the Conqueror, as his guards, i. 190
Alfred, son of Ethelred, is induced to make a descent on England, is betrayed by carl Godwin, and put to death. i. 161
Alfred the Great, birth of, in 901, i. 79; early years of, 80, 81; improbability of his having been taught to read by his step-mother, 82; at Rome in 853, 83; probable impression made on the mind of, by the sight of Rome, 84; makes no claim to Wessex on the death of Ethelbald, 85; employment of, during the life of Ethelbert, ibid.; description of his home at Wantage, 86; the translation of Boetius by, has original passages descriptive of the state of England, 86, 87; state of the Church during the youth of, 87; constitu- tion of the army, 88; state of rural industry, 88, et seq.; provision for the poor, 91; becomes "se- cundarius" on the accession of Ethelred in 866, 94; marries, ibid.; defeats the Danes who had invaded Mercia, A.D. 868, 95; fights and gains the battle of Escesdun, in 871, 98, 99; is defeated at Wilton, 100; first naval battle of, against the Danes, in 875, 101; probable unpopularity of, 102; makes peace with Guthrum in 878, 103; retreat of, to Athelney, ibid.; traditional stories of, dur- ing his concealment, 104; re-appears, and gains the battle of Ethandune, in $78, 105,106; Guthrum sues for peace and is baptised, 106; terms of the treaty, 107; laws of Alfred, 108, 109; writings and translations of, 110, 111, 112; repulses an invasion of the Danes in Kent in 884, 111; defeats an invasion of the Danes under Hasting, 113, 114; creates a navy, 114; death of, in 901, 114; charac- VOL. IV.
ter of, 115; share of, in the subdivision of the kingdom for administrative and judicial pur- poses, 116; courts of justice in the time of, 118; tenure of lands, 119
Alfric, earl of Mercia, treachery of, i. 154 Allectus assumes the government of Britain, A.D. 292, i. 32; defeated, and Britain re-subjected to the Romans, ibid.
Anglo-Saxon Church, ignorance of the priests of, at the accession of Alfred, i. 87; agriculture, 88, et seq.; state of, at the time of Dunstan, 138; cathedrals and churches of the, 139,140; provisions for the clergy, 140; parish priests of the, 141; learning of the, 142; kings, authority, and man- sions of, i. Sl
Anglo-Saxons, state of, at the time of Ethelbert, i. 71; literature of, 74; social ranks among, 87; love of feasting indicated in the Bayeux tapestry, 173; continued resistance of, to William the Conqueror, 190; security afforded to, by the establishment of, Norman fiefs, 195; continued existence of, as a People, 196
Anne, the princess, and her husband, go over to William III., iv. 439
Anthemius, the emperor, solicits and obtains the aid of 12,000 Britons in his war against the Visi- goths, i. 59
Antoninus, wall of, i. 29, 30 Architecture, state of, in Britain, at the close of the third century, i. 48; as shown in English abbeys and cathedrals, 258; bishop Swinfield's house in 1209, 401; London markets and shops, 402; domestic, in the 15th century, ii. 118; large con- sumption of timber in the, 119; furniture used in the houses, 120; improvements in building, temp. Henry VIII., 479; style of architecture in the reign of Elizabeth, iii. 303, et seq.; altera- tions by Wren, at Windsor Castle, by Charles II. in 1680, iv. 355
Arden of Feversham, story of the murder of, ii. 485 Argyle, marquis of, defeated in several battles by
Montrose, iv. 40; opposes the project of sending Hamilton to invade England, 94; is restored to power after Hamilton's defeat, 95; trial and exe- cution of, in 1661, 258
Argyle, the earl of, refuses to take the test oath enacted by the Scottish parliament in 1682, is arrested, and convicted of high treason, but escapes to Holland, iv. 366; lands in Scotland in 1685 to raise an insurrection in favour of Mon- mouth, 388; its failure, 389; and his execution,
Arles, three British bishops present at the first Council of, A.D. 314, i. 51
Armorica, foundation of a British colony in, i. 55; independent government established by, ibid. Artevelde, James, revolt of, against the count of Flanders, i. 454; is murdered, ibid. Arthur, king, legend of, i. 63
Arthur of Brittany, claims of, to the crown of England, i. 333; is supported by Philip of France, ibid.; heads an invasion of Poitou, and is cap- tured, 335; mysterious death of, ibid.
Arts, state of, in Britain at the close of the third century, i. 47, 48
Arundel, carl of, collection of statuary formed by, iii. 424
Aske, Robert, leader of the Yorkshire insurgents in 1536, ii. 400; negotiations of with the duke of Norfolk, 401; has an interview with Henry VIII., and is pardoned, ibid.; the king's promises to the insurgents are not kept, and Aske again takes arms, 402; is taken prisoner and executed, 403 Assassins, notice of, i. 316; the scheik of, absolves Richard I. from any share in the murder of the marquis of Montferrat, 317
Asser, his account of the early years of Alfred, i. 81, 82; interpolations in the history of, 102 Athelstan, accession of, in 924, i. 123; annexes Northumbria, and rules over all Britain, 124; continental influence and alliances of, 125; at- tacked by the under-kings of Cumberland and Scotland, he wins the battle of Brunanburgh, 126; code of laws of, 128; death of, in 940, ibid. Augustin, sent by Pope Gregory as Christian mis- sionary to England, A.D. 597, i. 66; converts Ethelbert, 68; conference and disagreement of, with the priests of the old British church, 68, 69 Autun, in Gaul, artificers brought from Britain by Constantine to rebuild, i. 47
BACON, Friar Roger, notice of, i. 404
Bacon, sir Francis, speaks against a subsidy, and loses the Court favour, iii. 263; dissuades Essex from undertaking the lord-lieutenancy of Ire land, 282; ungrateful conduct of, in the prose- cution of the earl of Essex, 289; notice of his Apology, ibid.; opposes the Bill in the Commons against monopolies, 292; maintains the neces- sity of removing ancient abuses in the first par- liament of James I., 317; scheme of, for the plantation of Ulster, 354; is employed to procure the sanction of sir Edward Coke to the king's arbitrary measures, but fails, 369; assures Ra- leigh that his appointment to command the expe- dition to Guiana precluded the necessity of a general pardon, 374; is impeached by the Com- mous and fined for bribery and corruption, 380; the king remits his fine, and he retires to private life, ibid.
Bacon, sir Nicholas, appointed lord keeper, and opens Elizabeth's first parliament, iii. 113; as lord keeper, introduces to parliament a new bill against papists in 1571, 171
Ballads, the Robin-Hood, endurance of, i. 324; their detestation of oppression, and poetical excellence, 325; popular amusements described in, 327 Balliol, Edward, attempts to recover the crown of Scotland in 1332, i. 451; seeks the aid of Edward III, and agrees to hold Scotland as a fief, ibid.; continues the struggle for several years, but is expelled from Scotland in 1341, 452 Balliol, John, a claimant of the crown of Scotland in 1291, i. 414; agrees to do homage to Edward I., and is nominated king of Scotland, 416; sum- moned to Westminster for mal-administration, is treated with indignity, and is incited by his barons to assert his independence, 417; is attacked by Edward, and resigns his crown, 418; impri- soned in the tower, 421; dies, 425
Bangor, massacre of the monks of, i. 69 Bannockburn, battle of, on June 24, 1314, i 434 Barnet, battle of, on April 14th, 1471, i. 164, 165 Bartholomew, St., priory of, in Smithfield, founda- tion of, i. 255, 264, 265
Barton, Andrew, the Scotch privateer, captured, and slain by Sir Thomas Howard, ii. 263 Bataille, abbey of, (Battle Abbey) foundation of,
Baxter, Richard, expelled from his ministry at Kidderminster, iv. 6; joins the parliamentary army, ibid.; his account of the battle of Edgehill, 7; statement of, as to the oppression of non-con- formists by the royalists, 11; his account of the adoption of the Covenant by the synod at West- minister and the House of Commons, 28; visit of, to the battle-field of Naseby, 45; description of the parliamentary camp, 46; appointed chpalain to Charles II., 249; notices of the Plague of 1665
by, 273, 275; of the great Fire of London in 1666, 285; notice of the duke of Buckingham by, 303; account of the proposals for a union of Protestants, which were rejected by parliament, 308; oppres- sion experienced by, in 1675, 325; is tried, con- victed, and imprisoned for libel in 1685, 388 Bayeux Tapestry, illustrations of the History of England afforded by, i. 171, et seq. Beaufort, cardinal Henry, feuds between, and the duke of Gloucester, ii. 78; continued disagree- ments with Gloucester, 92; burns heretics, 93; causes the duchess of Gloucester to be tried for sorcery and conspiracy, 93; is suspected of having caused the death of Gloucester, 96; dies, ibid. Becket, Thomas à, romance in the marriage of the father and mother of, i. 271; early education of, 272; made chancellor to Henry II., 273; magni- ficence of, 274; is sent ambassador to France, 275; his attendance with a numerous force at the siege of Toulouse, 275, 279; his preferments, 276; created archbishop of Canterbury in 1162, 280, 282; character of, 281; deportment and magnifi- cence of, in his new office, 282; resigns the chan- cellorship and claims the restoration of church property, 283; interferes to prevent the subjec tion of the clergy to the secular laws, 285; con- sents to the Constitutions of Clarendon, 286; the pope refuses to confirm them, 287; Becket supports the pope's decision, is arraigned as a traitor and found guilty, 288; flies from England, 289; excommunicates all those who maintain the Constitutions of Clarendon, ibid.; meets Henry at Touraine in 1170, and a temporary peace is effected, 291; returns to England, 292; is mur dered, 293; consequences of his murder, 294; canonisation of, and miracles at the shrine of, 294, 295, 301; Henry does penance before the shrine, ibid.
Bede's account of the passage of the Romans at Coway Stakes, i. 7
Bedford, John, duke of, appointed by the parlis-
ment joint protector, with the duke of Gloucester, of Henry VI., ii. 76; wins the battle of Verneuil, 77; defeated at Montargis, 81; undertakes the siege of Orleans, 82; quarrels with the duke of Burgundy, 83; Orleans is relieved by Joan of Arc, 85; relinquishes the siege of Orleans, 87; deprives sir John Fastolf of the order of the Garter for his behaviour at the battle of Patay, 88; dies, 92
Beggars, statute of Richard II. respecting, ii. 14 Bertrand du Guesclin encounters the Black Prince at the battle of Najara, i. 484; captured and released by the English, 485; activity and success of, in the wars in Gascony, 485
Bignor, account of the remains of a Roman villa at, i. 48
Birmingham, state of, in 1636, iii. 419
Blake, Admiral, interrupts the operations of Rupert in the Irish seas, iv. 124;. follows Rupert to the mouth of the Tagus, 149; demands his expulsion by the Portuguese, or to be admitted into the harbour, is refused, and has a slight skirmish, 150; defeats Van Tromp in the Downs, ibid.; character of, 153; battles with Van Tromp and De Ruyter in 1652, 154; defeats Van Tromp off Cape La Hogue, and compels him to retire to Holland, ibid.; with Monk and Dean defeats Van Tromp near the North Foreland, 162; drives Lim back again to Holland in 1653, 163; gains a vic- tory over the Dutch fleet, and Van Tromp is killed, 181; his remark on the dissolution of par- liament by Cromwell, 189; subdues the African pirates, 196; conduct of, at Malaga, ibid.; cap- tures two Spanish galleons off Cadiz, 203; gains a victory over the Spanish navy at Santa Cruz, 208; receives instruction to return home, ibid.; dies in 1657, within sight of Plymouth, ibid.; his body is disinterred from Westminster Abbey, and buried in St. Margaret's churchyard after tha Restoration, 248
Boadicea, revolt led by, i. 22, et seq.; destruction of Roman British cities during the revolt by, 24; defeat, and death of, by poison, 25
Boat, ancient, found in the river Arun in 1834, i. 9
Boats of the Britons, nature of, in which they went to the assistance of the Veneti, i. 3 Boleyn, Anne, birth and childhood of, ii. 312; sent to the court of France with Mary, the sister of Henry VIII. in 1514, 313; the king's attachment to, publicly shown at Hampton Court, 314; incenses Henry against Wolsey, 320; writes to Cromwell in favour of Ralph Herman, imprisoned for setting forth the Bible in English, 326; again incites Henry against Wolsey, 334; accompanies Henry to France in 1532, to meet Francis I., 343; married to Henry, 344; descrip- tion of her coronation, 345; gives birth to Eliza- beth, Sept. 7, 1533, 349; the king becomes jealous and sends her to the Tower, 373; her letter to the king, 374; true bills found against her and others, 376; trial and execution of, on May 19, 1536, 377; dying speech of, 378; doubts as to the guilt or innocence of, 380, 381; letter from, to Henry VIII., 384
Bonner, bishop of London, deprived of his see, iii. 40; exertions of, in 1555, to suppress heresy, 79; behaviour of, to Hawkes, 87
Bosworth, battle of, on Aug. 22, 1485, ii. 206 Bothwell, earl of. See Mary of Scotland. Bothwell Bridge, battle of. See Charles II., and Covenanters.
Boulogne, invasion of Britain from, by Caligula, i. 17; lighthouse built at, by Caligula, ibid. Bourbon, the constable, leads the emperor's (Charles V.) forces against Rome in 1527, ii. 306; takes and sacks Rome, but is himself killed, 307⚫ Brigantes, revolt of, i. 30; suppressed, 31 Britain, civilisation and population of, at the time of Caesar's invasion, i. 4; first invasion of, by Cæsar, and his retreat, 6; second invasion by, 7; condition of the country at the time, 8, et seq.; strength and prosperity of, A.D. 296, 32; panegyric of Eumenius on the state of, ibid.; Roman pro- vinces of, 33; review of the domestic condition of, at the close of the third century, 34, et seq.; never a secure possession to the Romans, 46; resistance of, to the emperor Honorius, A.D. 409, 55; mixed character of the population of, at the time of the invasion of the Saxons, 57
British art, ancient specimens of, i. 13
British captives, fight as gladiators before Claudius, i. 22
British army under Maximus, refuse to return
from Armorica and found a colony in Brittany, i. 54 Britons, character of, by Diodorus Siculus, i. 5;
by Ptolemy, 6; resistance offered by, to the in- vasion of Caesar, ibid.
Brittany, position of, and character of the early inhabitants of, i. 2; assistance afforded to, by the Britons, 3; probable foundation of a British colony in, A.D. 388, 54; continued connection of, with Cornwall and Wales, 55; successfully resists the emperor Honorius, and maintains its independence, A.D. 409, ibid.
Bruce, Robert, the elder, a claimant for the crown of Scotland in 1291, i. 414; agrees to do homage to Edward I., 416; sides with Edward in his invasion of Scotland, 417
Bruce, Robert, the younger, stabs Comyn, i. 425; assumes the crown of Scotland in 1305, 426; is defeated by the earl of Pembroke, ibid.; obtains some successes in 1307, and Edward I. assembles an army to attack him, but dies, ibid.; is recog- nised as king, 430; successes of, 431, 432; wins the battle of Bannockburn, on June 24, 1814, 434; concludes a truce with Edward II. in 1323, 439; invades England in 1327, 444; dies in 1328, 445 Bruce, David, succeeds his father in 1228, i. 445; is attacked by Edward Balliol, who continues the struggle for some years, 451; returns to his kingdom in 1341, 452; invades England in 1346, is defeated by Queen Philippa at Nevill's Cross, and taken prisoner, 464, 465
Brunanburgh, ode on the battle of, from the Anglo- Saxon chronicle, i. 126, 127
Buckingham, Stafford duke of, in conjunction with the duke of Gloucester, arrests earl Rivers and the counsel of Edward V., ii. 178; rewards heaped upon, by Gloucester, 179; Morton, bishop of Ely, committed as a prisoner to the custody of, 182;
harangues the citizens of London in favour of Gloucester's claim to the crown, 185; with a deputation of citizens solicits Gloucester to be come king, 186; receives the estates of the earl- dom of Hereford from Richard, 194; with Mor- ton, organises an insurrection against Richard, 196; unsatisfactory causes assigned for, 197; it is suppressed, and he is executed at Salisbury, Nov. 2, 1483, 198 Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of, sudden rise and promotion of, by James I., iii. 364; procures the release of Raleigh from the Tower, 374; ac- companies prince Charles in his incognito visit to Spain in 1623, 384; they return home, 385; popu- larity of, on the breaking off of the Spanish match, ibid.; is impeached by the Commons in 1626, 390; is elected chancellor of the University of Cambridge by command of the king, 391; asserted to have been the promoter of the war with France, 394; commands the expedition to aid the Pro- testants in Rochelle, ibid.; attempts to take the Isle of Rhé, and fails, 395; is denounced by Coke, in the House of Commons, 398; character of, by Clarendon, 399; is appointed to command a second expedition to relieve Rochelle, ibid.; is assassinated by Felton, Aug. 23, 1628, 400; exe- cution of Felton, 401
Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of, becomes a member of the Cabal ministry, in 1667, iv., 302; seeks popularity, and advocates liberty of con- science, 303; character of, by Dryden, ibid.; com- plicity of, in Charles becoming a pensioner of France, 306; retires from the Cabal ministry, 323; committed to the Tower for opinions ex- pressed in the House of Lords in 1677, 328 Bunyan, John, release of, from prison, after twelve years' confinement, iv., 319
Burgesses summoned to parliament, by Simon de Montfort, in 1264, i. 375
Burgh Castle, Roman ruins of, i. 38, 39 Burke's opinion of the ancient Britons, i. 11
CABAL MINISTRY. See Charles II., Buckingham, and Shaftesbury.
Cabot, John, and his sons, small encouragement given to, in 1496, by Henry VII., ii. 236; dis- covery of Newfoundland by, 249
Cade, John, insurrection of, in 1450, ii. 132; defeats Sir Humphrey Stafford, 133; marches to London, and beheads lord Say, ibid.; defeated by the citizens of London, and killed, 134
Cadiz burnt by the earl of Essex in 1596, ii. 266 Caer-Caradoc, notice of, i. 20
Cæsar, history of England commences with, i. 2; his description of the Veneti, applicable to the Britons, 8; first invasion of Britain, 6; battle with the men of Kent, ibid.; retreat of, ibid.; second invasion of, ibid.; description of "the inland people" by, ibid.; advance of, into the interior, 7; opposed by Cassivelaunus, ibid. ; crosses the Thames at Coway Stakes, ibid.; ad- vances to St. Alban's, ibid.; enumeration by, of the tribes he encountered, 8; return of, to Gaul, taking hostages, ibid.; did not conquer Britain according to Tacitus, ibid.
Calais, siege of, by Edward III., iii. 465; Froissart's story of the six burgesses, 466; an English colony founded in it, 467
Caligula, intended invasion of Britain by, i. 16; pretended triumph of, 17
Camalodunum attacked and destroyed by Boadicea, A.D. 61, i. 23
Cambridge university. James Pechell, the vice- chancellor, deprived of office for refusing a degree to a Benedictine monk, iv. 412 Cameronians. See Covenanters.
Campion, the Jesuit, trial and torture of, for a con- spiracy against Elizabeth in 1584, iii. 180 Canterbury burnt by the Danes, i. 154 Cantium (Kent) resistance offered by the people of, to the invasions of Cæsar, i. 6
Canute proclaimed king of England on the death of Sweyn in 1014, i. 155; becomes sole king on the death of Edmund in 1017, 156; exiles the sons of Edmund, ibid.; marries Emma, tho widow of Ethelred, 157; proscriptions by, and
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