tetrandra, heliocarpus, brionia zeylanica, acacia cornigera, bauhinia aculeata, prunus armeniaca, amygdalus, morisona.

Glands or glandules are usually found on the leaves, the petioles, the peduncles, or the stipules.

GLANDULE. S. (glandula, Lat.) A small gland serving to the secretion of homens (Ray).

GLANDULOSITY, s. (from glandulous.) A collection of glands (Brown).

GLANDULOUS, a. (glandulosus, Latin.) Pertaining to the glands; subsisting in the glands; having the nature of glands (Brown), GLANDULOUS LEAF, or GLANDULAR LEAF, in botany. A leaf which has glands either on the surface or on the serratures.

GLANFORD BRIDGE. See BRIGG. GLANS PENIS, in anatomy. (Glans.) The very vascular body that forms the apex of the penis. The posterior circle is termed the corona glaudis. See CORPUS SPONGIOSUM See BEN NUX.

URETHRÆ.

GLANS UNGUENTARIA. GLANVIL (Joseph), a learned and ingenious, but fanciful and credulous writer in the 17th century, was born at Plymouth in 1636, and bred at Oxford. He became a great admirer of Mr. Baxter, and a zealous person for a commonwealth. After the restoration, he published The Vanity of Dogmatizing; was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society; and, taking orders in 1669, was presented to the vicarage of Frome-Selwood in Somersetshire. This same year he published his Lux Orientalis; in 1665 his Scepsis Scientifica; and in the year following, Some Philosophical Considerations touching the Being of Witches, and Witchcraft, and other pieces on the same sub ject. In 1660 he published Plus Ultra; or, The Progress and Advancement of Knowledge since the Days of Aristotle. He likewise pub lished A seasonable Recommendation and Defence of Reason; and Philosophia Pia, or A Discourse of the religious Temper and Tendencies of the Experimental Philosophy. In 1678 he was made a prebendary of Worcester, and died in 1680.

1. To

GLARE, in oryctology. See ARENA. To GLARE. V. n. (glaeren, Dutch.) shine so as to dazzle the eyes (Fairfax). 2. To look with fierce piercing eyes (Shakspete). 3. To shine ostentatiously (Felton).

To GLARE. . a. Tổ shoot such splendour as the eyes cannot bear (Milton).

GLARE s. (from the verb.) 1. Overpowering lustre, splendour, such as dazzles the eyes (Popc). 2. A fierce piercing look (Milton). GLAREOLA. Pratincole. In zoology, a genus of the class aves, order gralla. Bill strong, stout, straight, hooked at the tip; nos trils at the base of the bill linear, oblique; gape of the mouth large, feet four-toed; oes long, slender, connected at the base by a niem brane; tail forked, consisting of twelve feathers. Three species, as follow:

1. G. austriaca. Austrian pratincole. Above grey-brown; collar black; chin and throat

white; breast and belly reddish-grey. Four other varieties from varieties of hues. Three varieties inhabit the heaths of Europe, near the banks of rivers; two varieties are found on the coast of Coromandel. About nine inches long; feeds on worms and aquatic insects, is very restless and clamorous.

2. G. senegalensis. Senegal pratincole. Bill, legs, and whole body, brown. Inhabits near the Senegal; and also Siberia: nine and a half mches long.

3. G. navia. Spotted pratincole. Brown spotted with white, lower parts of the belly and vent reddish-white, with black spots; bill and legs black. Inhabits Germany: size of G. austriaca.

GLA'REOUS. a. (glarieur. French, glarenats, Latin; from glane.) Consisting of viscous transparent matter, like the white of an egg.

GLARING. a. Applied to any thing notorious; as, a glaring crime.

GLARUS, one of the thirteen cantons in Swisserland, bounded on the E. by the Grisons; on the S. by the same, the canton of Uri, and that of Schweitz, and on the N. by the river Linth. It is a mountainous country, and their chief trade is in cattle, cheese, and butter. The government is democratic : every person of the age of sixteen has a vote in the Landsgemeind, or General Assembly, which is held annually in an open plain. This assembly ratifies new laws, lays contributions, ente:3 into alliances, declares war, and makes peace. The Landamman is the chief of the republic, and is alternately chosen from among the protestants and catholics; with this difference, that the former remains three years in office, the latter only two. Both sects live together in the greatest harmony in several parts, they successively perform divine service in the same church; and all the offices of state are amicably administered by both. The executive power is in a council of regency, composed of 48 protestants and 15 catholics; each sect has its particular court of justice; and it is necessary, in all lawsuits between persons of differ gurt religions, that the person having the castag voice among the five or nine judges, who are to determine the cause, should be of the same religion as the defendant. Glarus is surrounded by the Alps except towards the north, where is the only entrance. The capital of this cantou is of the same name, and is situated in lat. 40. 56 N. Lon. 9. 1 E.

It was

GLASGOW, a city of Scotland, in the county of Lanerk, situated on the banks of the Clyde, which, by an act of parliament, and at a considerable expence, has been within these last thirty years made navigable for vessels drawing seven feet six inches of water. formerly the see of a bishop, said to have been founded in the sixth century, and erected into an archbishopric in the 15th. The cathedral escaped the ill-directed zeal of the reformers, and still remains at least a venerable monument of Gothic architecture, preserved by the care of the inhabitants. In the year 1172,

Glasgow was erected into a royal borough. In the year 1611, the city received a charter from James VI., and, in 1636, another from king Charles I., with considerable power and pusi leges, which charters were confirmed by acts of parliament in 1661 and 1690. The principal trade of Glasgow formerly was the curing and exporting of salmon and herrings, the principal market for which was France, from whence they imported wines, brandy, and salt. On the union with England, in the year 1707, the merchants of Glasgow first entered into the American trade. And, in the year 1775, they imported upwards of 57,000 hogsheads of tobacco, 5000 of sugar, upwards of 110 puncheons of rum, and 500 bags of cotton. Since the decline of the American trade, the merchants have found out new channels, and the trade is still increasing. Varieties of manufactures are carried on at Glasgow, the principal of which seem to be in the article of cotton, pottery, coarse earthen-ware, hats, stockings, gloves, ropes, cordage, glass, and several others. The number of inhabited houses in Glasgow is upwards of 12,000, and 86,380 inhabitants. Glasgow was originally one parish, but now for the benefit of the poor and ease of ministers, divided into eight, with as many churches, besides three chapels of ease. Glasgow contains several hospitals and charitable foundations, and a public infirmary. The university of Glasgow was founded in the year 1454, under the direction of a chancellor, rector, dean, principal, and fourteen professors. Distance 45 miles from Edinburgh. Lat. 55. 42 N. Lon. 4. 2 W.

GLASGOW (Port), a town in Renfrewshire, on the S. side of the Clyde, erected in 1710, to serve as the sea-port of the city of Glasgow, from which it is distant about 21 miles.

· GLASS, vitrum, a transparent, solid, brittle, factitious body, produced by a mixture of earthy or metallic, with saline substances fused together by the action of fire.

The word is formed of the Latin glastum, a plant called, by the Greeks, isang by the Romans, atrum; by the ancient Britons,adum; by the English, woad. We find frequentention of this plant in ancient writers, particula Caesar, Vitruvius, Pliny, &c. who relate, tha the ancient Britons painted or dyed their bodies with glastum, guadum, vitrum, &c. i. e. with the blue colour procured from this plant. And hence the factitious matter, we are speaking.o came to be called glass, as having always somewhat of this bluishness in it.

At what time the art of glass-making was first invented is altogether uncertain. Sonie imagine it to have been invented before the flood out of this we have no direct proof, though theres no improbability in the supposition; for we know, that it is almost impossible to excite a very iolent fire, such as is necessary in metallurgicoperations, without vitrifying part of the brickor stones wherewith the furnace is built. Thisandeed, might furnish the first hints of glass-making; though it is also very probable, that such imperfect vitrifications would be observed a long time before people thought of making any use of them. གི་ཆ་ལྟཪ་ཨ་

The Egyptians boast, that this art way taught

them by their great Hermes. Aristophanes, Aristotle, Alexander, Aphrodiseus, Lucretius, and St. John the divine, put it out of all doubt that glass was used in their days. Pliny relates, that it was first discovered accidentally in Syria, at the mouth of the river Belas, by certain merchants driven thither by a storm at sea; who victuals by making a fire on the ground, where being obliged to continue there, and dress their there was great plenty of the herb kali; that plant, burning to ashes, its salts mixed and incorporated with the sand, or stones fit for vitrification, and thus produced glass; and that, this accident being known, the people of Sidon in that neighbourhood essayed the work, and brought glass into use; since which time the art has been continually improving. Be this as it may, however, the first glass-houses mentioned in history were erected in the city of Tyre, and here was the only staple of the manufacture for many ages. The sand which lay on the shore for about half a mile round the mouth of the river Belus was peculiarly adapted to the making of glass, as being neat and glittering; and the wide range of the Tyrian commerce gave an ample vent for the productions of the furnace.

Mr. Nixon, in his observations on a plate of glass found at Herculaneum, which was destroyed A.D. 80, on which occasion Pliny lost his life, offers several probable conjectures as to the uses to which such plates might be applied. Such plates, he supposes, might serve for specula, or looking-glasses; for Pliny, in speaking of Sidon, adds, siquidem etiam specula excogitaverat: the being effected by besmearing them behind, or reflection of images from these ancient specula tinging them through with some dark colour. Another use in which they might be employed was for adorning the walls of their apartments, by way of wainscot, to which Pliny is supposed to refer by his vitrea camera, lib. xxxvi. cap. 25.

64. Mr. Nixon farther conjectures, that these glass plates might be used for windows, as well as the lamina of lapis specularis and phengites, which were improvements in luxury mentioned by Seneca, and introduced in his time, Ep. xc. However, there is no positive authority relating to the using of glass-windows earlier than the close of the third century: Manifestius est (says Lactantius), mentem esse, quæ per oculos ea quæ sunt opposita, transpiciat, quasi per fenestras lucente vitro aut speculari lapide obductas.

The first time we hear of glass made among the Romans was in the reign of Tiberius, when Pliny relates that an artist had his house demolished for making glass malleable, or rather flexible; though Petronius Arbiter and some others as sure us, that the emperor ordered the artist to be beheaded for his invention.

It appears, however, that before the conquest of Britain by the Romans, glass-houses had been erected in this island, as well as in Gaul, Spain, and Italy. Hence in many parts of the country are to be found annulets of glass, having a narrow perforation and thick rim, denominated by the remaining Britons gleineu naigreedh, or glass adders, and which were probably in former times used as annulets by the druids. It can scarcely be questioned that the Britons were sufficiently well versed in the manufacture of glass, to form out of it many more useful instruments than the glass beads. History indeed assures us, that they did manufacture a considerable quantity of glass vessels. These, like their annulets, were most

their axis, and also a progressive motion towards the fire, even when their supports are declining from the fire, so that the tubes will move a little way up hill towards the fire. When the tubes are placed in a nearly upright posture, leaning to the right hand, the motion will be from east to

motion will be from west to east; and the nearer they are placed to the perfectly upright posture, the less will the motion be either way. If the tube is placed horizontally on a glass plane, the fragment, for instance, of coach window-glass, instead of moving towards the fire, it will move from it, and about its axis in a contrary direction to what it had done before; nay, it will recede from the fire, and move a little up hill when the plane inclines towards the fire. These experiments are recorded in the Philosophical Transactions. They succeeded best with tubes about 20 or 22 inches long, which had in each end a pretty strong pin fixed in cork for an axis.

The reason given for these phænomena is the swelling of the tubes towards the fire by the heat, which is known to expand all bodies. For, say the adopters of this hypothesis, granting the existence of such a swelling, gravity must pull the tube down when supported near its extremities; and a fresh part being exposed to the fire, it must also swell out and fall down, and so on. But, without going farther in the explanation of this hypothesis, it may be here remarked, that the fundamental principle on which it proceeds is false: for though fire indeed makes bodies expand, it does not increase them in weight; and therefore the sides of the tube, though one of them is expanded by the fire, must still remain in equilibrio; and hence we must conclude, that the cause of these phænomena remain yet to be discovered.

or filled with water. It is also remarkable, that the glasses broke upon having their bottoms slightly rubbed with the finger, though some of them did not fly till half an hour after the rubbing. If the glasses are every where extremely thin, they do not break in these circumstances. Some have pretended to account for these pha-west; but if they lean to the left hand, their nomena, by saying, that the bodies dropped into the vessels cause a concussion which is stronger than the cohesive force of the glass, and consequently that a rupture must ensue. But why does not a ball of iron, gold, silver, or copper, which are perhaps a thousand times heavier than flint, produce the same effect? It is because they are not elastic. But surely iron is more elastic than the end of one's finger. Mr. Euler has endeavoured to account for these appearances from his principles of percussion. He thinks that this experiment entirely overthrows the opinion of those who measure the force of percussion by the vis viva, or absolute apparent strength of the stroke. According to his principles, the great hardness and angular figure of the flint, which makes the space of contact with the glass extremely small, ought to cause an impression on the glass vastly greater than lead, or any other metal; and this may account for the flint's break ing the vessel, though the bullet, even falling from a considerable height, does no damage. Hollow cups made of green bottle-glass, some of them three inches thick at the bottom, were instantly broken by a shiver of flint, weighing about two grains, though they had resisted the shock of a musket-ball from the height of three feet. That Mr. Euler's theory cannot be conclusive any more than the other, must appear evident from a very slight consideration. It is not by angular bodies alone that the glasses are broken. The marbles with which children play are round, and yet they have the same effect with the angular flint. Besides, if it was the mere force of percussion which broke the glasses, undoubtedly the fracture would always take place at the very instant of the stroke; but we have seen, that this did not happen sometimes till a very considerable space of time had elapsed. It is evident, therefore, that this effect is occasioned by the putting in motion some subtile fluid with which the substance of the glass is filled, and that the motions of this fluid, when once excited in a particular part of the glass, soon propagate themselves through the whole or greatest part of it, by which means the cohesive power becomes at last too weak to resist them. There can be little doubt that the fluid just now mentioned is that of electricity. It is known to exist in glass in very great quantity; and it also is known to be capable of breaking glasses, even when annealed with the greatest care, if put into too violent a motion. Probably the cooling of glass hastily may make it more electric than is consistent with its cohesive power, so that it is broken by the least increase of motion in the electric fluid by friction or otherwise. This is evidently the case when it is broken by rubbing with the finger; but why it should also break by the mere contact of flint and the other bodies above mentioned, has not yet been satisfactorily accounted for.

A most remarkable phenomenon also is produced in glass tubes placed in certain circumstances. When these are laid before a fire in an horizontal position, having their extremities properly supported, they acquire a rotatory motion round

4. Glass is less dilatable by heat than metalline substances, and solid glass sticks are less dilatable than tubes. This was first discovered by Col. Roy (see Phil. Trans. vol. lxvii. p. 663), in making experiments in order to reduce barometers to a greater degree of exactness than hath hitherto been found practicable; and since his experiments were made, one of the tubes 18 inches long, being compared with a solid glass rod of the same length, the former was found by a pyrometer to expand four times as much as the other, in a heat approaching to that of boiling oil. On account of the general quality which glass has of expanding less than metal, M. de Luc recommends it to be used in pendulums: and he says it has also this good quality, that its expansions are always equable and proportioned to the degrees of heat; a quality which is not to be found in any other substance yet known.

5. Glass appears to be more fit for the condensation of vapours than metallic substances. An open glass filled with water, in the summer time, will gather drops of water on the outside, just as far as the water in the inside reaches; and a person's breath blown on it manifestly moistens it. Glass also becomes moist with dew, when metals do not.

6. A drinking-glass partly filled with water, and rubbed on the brim with a wet finger, yields musical notes, higher or lower as the glass is more or less full, and will make the liquor frisk and leap about. See ARMONICA.

7. Glass is possessed of extraordinary electrical virtues. See ELECTRICITY, passim.

GLASS (Manufacture of). Glass is made from