from οἶκος· ἀνθρωπάριον from ἄνθρωπος· ξενύλλιον οι ξενύδριον, from ξένος stranger ζωύφιον animalcule, from ζῶον.—The first syllable of the ending dior is contracted with the preceding vowel ; as βοίδιον for βοίδιον, from βοῦς βούς· γήδιον for γηΐδιον, from γῆ· ιχθύδιον (strictly ιχθυίδιον) from ιχθύς, ἱματίδιον (for ἱματιΐδιον) from ἱμάτιον· λεξείδιον from λέξις λέξεως. The ending είδιον often becomes τδιον.—Many diminutives in or have lost their diminutive signification; as πεδίον from πέδον plain. It must be confessed however that the primitive word is more dignified than the derivative in tov.

Masculine diminutives end in ισκος, υλος or υλλος (Doric); as στεφανίσκος a little crown· ἀνθρωπίσκος from ἄνθρωπος. Proper names in vlos are not diminutive in their signification; as Αισχύλος Æschylus,

Feminine diminutives end in is gen. ιδος, and ισκη (corresponding to masc. ισκος), as νησίς islet, from νῆσος island; μειρακίσκη a young girl, lass, from μείραξ gen. μείρακος.

3. National appellatives end in ιος, της, ατης, ητής, ιωτης, Ενός, ηνος, ῖνος, ευς. Ε. g. Κορίνθιος α Corinthian from Κόρινθος Corinth; Σταγειρίτης a Stagirite, from Στάγειρα Stagira; Τεγεάτης ο Tegean, from Τεγέα Tegea; Αιγινή της from Αίγινα Σικελιώτης from Σικελία· Σαρδιανός α Sardian, from Σάρδεις· Αβυδηνός from "Αβυδος· Ταραντίνος from Τάραντον· Πλαταιεύς from Πλαταιαί. When the name of the place ends in a, a, or 7, the ending os generally becomes αιος, as 'Αθηναῖος from ̓Αθῆναι.

The feminines of this class end in a, ις, ας ; as 'Αθηναία, Περσίς, ̔Ελικωνιάς.

δ

4. Nouns denoting a place where there are many things of the same kind, end in wr; as ὁ δαφνών laurel grove, from δάφνη laurel. Sometimes they end in wνια ; as ῥοδωνιά rosegarden, from ῥόδον rose.

5. Many appellatives end in της ; as πολίτης citizen, from πόλις city; ὁπλίτης an armed man, from ὅπλον weapon, δημότης member of a demos.-Those in της have long 4.

6. Some end in ευς ; as ἱερεύς priest, from ἱερόν temple; γραμματεύς scribe, from γράμμα letter; ἱππεύς horseman, from ἵππος horse.

7. Some feminine appellatives end in σσα or ισσα; as βασίλισσα queen, from βασιλεύς king; άνασσα from ἄναξ gen. ἄνακτος; Θρᾷττα α 'Thracian woman, from Θρᾷξ gen. Θρᾳκός.

8. Feminine appellatives in s gen. dos come from masculines in 7s (§ 127. 5) and as (of the first declension); as πολῖτις from πολίτης, δεσπότις from δεσπότης, ἀρτοπῶλις from ἀρτοπώλης.

9. Feminines in touα, tois, tɛiα, come from verbal nouns in της, της, τως (§ 129. 2); as ποιήτρια poetess, from ποιητής poet; αὐλητρίς a female flute-player, from αὐλητής ; δότειρα from dorio giver.

SUBSTANTIVES DERIVED FROM ADJECTIVES.

128. 1. Many abstract nouns end in a; as xaxla vice, from xaxós bad, wicked; uogla folly, from uogós foolish; ἀνδρία valor, from ἀνήρ gen. ἀνδρός man. If this ending be preceded by or o, a contraction takes place; as ¿λýðɛiɑ truth, from ἀληθής gen. ἀληθέος true; ἄνοια amentia, from ávoos amens. The ending a however often becomes la ; as αμάθεια and ἀμαθία ignorance, from ἀμαθής.

2. Many end in της gen. τητος ; as ποιότης quality, from notos; of what quality? qualis? òóns sharpness, from ¿Es sharp. They are generally paroxy tones (§ 19. 2). ὀξύς

3. Not unfrequently abstract nouns end in ovvŋ; as dixaioσύνη justice, from δίκαιος just; σωφροσύνη chastity, from σώpowv chaste. If the penult of the primitive be short, the ending οσυνη becomes ωσύνη (compare § 57. 1); as ἱερωσύνη priesthood, from lɛgóc.

4. Sometimes the abstract noun is formed by changing the ending us of the adjective into os gen. eos; as Búbos depth, from βαθύς deep ; μῆκος length, from ΜΗΚΥΣ long ; αίσχος ugliness, from AIEXY ugly.

5. Sometimes the abstract of adjectives in os does not differ from their feminine, except in the accent; as xoga enmity, from zogós inimical. Such nouns have the accent always on the penult.

SUBSTANTIVES DERIVED FROM VERBS.

§ 129. 1. Many abstract nouns are formed by changing w of the present into 7, a, os gen. ov. E. g. Bláßn injury,

from βλάπτω (§ 96. 2) I injure ; μάχη battle, from μάχομαι Ι fight; zagá joy, from xalow (§ 96. 18) I rejoice; túлos an impress, from TUTTO (§ 96. 2); heyxos confutation, from heyzo I confute. When the vowel-sound vibrates between α, ε, o (§ 96. 19), verbals of this class have o in the penult; Móyos saying, from leyw I say; plogά corruption, from 0ɛigo ($96. 18, 19) I corrupt; dod song, from deído I sing. Many annex os gen. eos to the root without any further change; as πρᾶγος thing, from πράσσω (§ 96. 3) I do ; γένος race, from ylyvouaι (TENS) I become.

Feminines in ɛla are derived from verbs in svo; as faσιλεία sovereignty, from βασιλεύω I rule.

2. Verbals denoting the subject of the verb end in TMŋs, της, τως ; as ποιητής maker, from ποιέω make; ὑβριστής one who insults, from ßow insult; gving one who draws, from 'PY I draw; two speaker, orator, from 'PEN I say. Sometimes they are paroxytone (§ 19. 2); as yálans harper. from yao. The penult of such nouns is generally like that of the perfect passive 2 pers. sing. (§ 107.).

Some nouns of this class end in eus; as yoaqeus writer, from yougo I write; σnopeus sower, from orɛlow ($96. 18, 19). Some compounds annex ns or as gen. ov to the last consonant of the verb; as yewuέrons geometer, one who measures land, from γεωμετρέω (γῆν μετρέω) I measure land; φυγαδοθήρας hunter of fugitives, from φυγάς and θηράω.

3. Nouns denoting the action of the verb end in ous or σια ; as θέσις position, from τίθημι (θέω) place, put; ὅρασις vision, from gáo I see; ɛinaσla the act of likening, from einάw; Mžis diction, from léyo say. The penult of such nouns is generally like that of the perfect passive 2 pers. sing. (§ 107.). It is observed that such nouns are equivalent to the infinitive active; e. g. kúơis τὸ λύειν, ἀθανασία

Some end in μας; as διωγμός persecution, from διώκω Ι pursue ; βαρβαρισμός barbarism, from βαρβαρίζω. Their penult is usually like that of the perfect passive 1 pers. sing.

4. Nouns denoting the effect of the verb end in μα ; κόμμα that which is cut off, a piece, from xónt I cut; ngàyμa that which is done, deed, from qúoow I do. Their penult is generally like that of the perfect passive 1 pers. sing. We may observe that such words are nearly equivalent to the

neuter participle perf. pass.; e. g. dóyua tò dedoyμévor, τὸ δεδογμένον, θέμα = τὸ τεθειμένον.

5. Verbals in un sometimes express the action, as лiστμŋ knowledge, =тò èлloτασdai; and sometimes the effect, as roauun line (drawn).

ADJECTIVES DERIVED FROM OTHER ADJECTIVES.

$130. A few adjectives are derived from other adjectives by dropping the ending and annexing os; as thevDégios liberal, from ἐλεύθερος free. A few annex σιος, as ἑκούσιος voluntary, from έxóv gen. έxóvtos (§ 12. 4).

Some end in κος or akos ; as θηλυκός from θῆλυς, σπονδειακός from σπονδεῖος.

ADJECTIVES DERIVED FROM SUBSTANTIVES.

§ 131. 1. The endings ιος, αιος, ειος, εινος, οιος, ικος, denote belonging or relating to; as aliquos etherial, from aig gen. aidégos ether; Onßaios Theban, from Ona Thebes; ἀνθρώπειος human, from ἄνθρωπος man; αἰδοῖος venerable, from aldós respect; nato@os paternal, from лaτ gen. πατέρος syncop. πατρός, father ; λογικός rational, from λόγος reason ; ποιητικός poetical, from ποιητής poet.

2. The endings sos, vos generally denote the material of which any thing is made; as χρύσεος contracted χρυσοῦς golden, from χρυσός gold; πέτρινος of stone, from πέτρα stone; δρύϊνος oaken, from δρυς σακ.

Here belongs the ending εινος, as ορεινός mountainous, from ὄρος mountain ; σκοτεινός dark, from σκότος darkness.

3. The endings soos, ngos, denote quality; as rougeoós luxurious, from τρυφή luxury; αἱματηρός bloody, from αἷμα gen. aquatos blood."

Also the ending αλεος, ηλος, ωλος, as θαρραλέος courageous, from θάρρος courage; ὑπνηλός sleepy from ὕπνος sleep; ἁμαρτωλός prone to sin, from ἁμαρτία.

4. Those in uos express generally fitness; as ¿ðúdiuos eatable, from dwdń food; xońouos useful, from xoñois use; μάχιμος warlike, from μάχη battle.

5. Adjectives in nets, 1815, Dels, generally denote fulness; as zaglais graceful, from xáois grace; tuńεis valuable, from

τιμή value ; πυρόεις full of fre, from πῦρ fire; νιφόεις full of snow, from NIY vipós snow.

6. Those in wons denote resemblance or fulness; as пуgódns like fire, from лão̟ fire; лɛτúdns full of stones, from πέτρα stone.

7. Adjectives in uw are strictly derived from verbals in μη or μα (§ 129. 4, 5); as ἐπιστήμων knowing, from ἐπιστήμη knowledge; vohuo intelligent, from vonua thought. Such adjectives are almost equivalent to the active participle of the verb. For example, έiστu, nohvñgáyμan, do not differ much from ἐπιστάμενος, πολλὰ πράττων.

ADJECTIVES DERIVED FROM VERBS.

132. 1. Some verbal adjectives in Tos are equivalent to the perf. pass. participle; as ontós = reñonuevos made, πεποιημένος factus.

Some have an active signification, as xaluntós covering,

= καλύπτων.

In many instances the idea of capableness lies at the basis; as sarós visible, visibilis, from Feάouai see; xonorós utilis, from xoάqual use; Javμaστós admirable, from Javuáto admire.

2. Verbal adjectives in Teos correspond to the Latin participles in dus; as nonτéos faciendus, that must be done, from ποιέω do ; ποτέος bibendus, to be drank, from πίνω (ΠΟΩ).— The penult of verbals in Tos and Tɛos, is generally like that of the perfect passive 3 pers. sing.

3. A few end in vos, λος; as δεινός terrible, δειλός timid, from 4E12 fear; oeuvós venerable, from oéßouai venerate.

ADJECTIVES DERIVED FROM ADVERBS.

133. A few adjectives are derived from adverbs of time; e. g. oqueguvos to-day's, hodiernus, from ouεgov to-day; εoivos yesterday's, hesternus, from zis yesterday; ngóïos early, from out.

VERBS DERIVED FROM SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND OTHER VERBS.

$134. 1. Many derivative verbs erd in aw, sw, ow, svw, αζω, ίζω, αίνω, υνώ. In nouns of the rst or second declen