'lake,' (lacca) laudanum,' 'lemon,' 'lime,' lute,' 'mattress,' 'mummy,' 'musk,' 'popinjay,' 'saffron,' 'senna,'' sherbet,'' sirup,'' shrub,' ' sofa,' 'sugar,' ‘sumach,' 'talc,' 'tamarind;' and some further terms, 'admiral,' 'alcove,'* 'alguazil,' 'amulet,' 'arsenal,' 'assassin,' 'barbican,'' caliph,' caffre,' ' carat,'+' caravan,' 'dey,' 'divan,' 'dragoman,' 'emir,' 'fakir,' 'felucca,' 'firman,' 'hanger,' 'harem,' 'hazard,' 'hegira,' 'houri,' 'islam,' 'koran,' 'magazine,' 'mamaluke,' 'marabout,' 'minaret,' 'monsoon,' 'mosque,' 'mufti,' 'mussulman,' 'nabob,' 'otto,'' quintal,' 'razzia,' 'sahara,' 'salaam,' ' scheik,' 'simoom,'' sirocco,' 'sultan,'

* See Mahn, p. 156.

This is the Greek kepάτiov, which, having travelled to the East, has in this shape come back to us, just as dŋvápiov has returned in the 'dinar' of the Arabian Nights.

The word hardly deserves to be called English, yet in Pope's time it had made some progress towards naturalization. Of a real or pretended polyglottist, who might thus have served as an universal interpreter, he says:

'Pity you was not druggerman at Babel.'

'Truckman,' or more commonly 'truchman,' familiar to all readers of our early literature, is only another form of this, which probably has come to us through 'turcimanno,' an Italian form of the word. Let me here observe that in Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, b. i. § 75, there can be no doubt that for 'trustman,' as it is printed in all editions which I have been able to consult, we should read 'truchman.' Prince Charles at the time of his visit to Spain not speaking Spanish, the king, we are told, summoned the Earl of Bristol into the coach with them 'that he should serve as a trustman,’—a word yielding no kind of sense; or rather no word at all, but only the ignorant correction of some scribe or printer, to whom 'truchman' was strange.

I.

6

Oriental and Italian Words.

15

' tarif,' 'vizier ;' and I believe we shall have nearly completed the list. Of Persian words we have these: 'azure,' 'bazaar,' 'bezoar,' 'caravanserai,' 'check,' 'chess,' ' dervish,' 'jackal,' 'lilac,' 'nectarine,' 'orange,' pagoda,'' saraband,' ' sash,'' scarlet,' 'sepoy,' 'shawl,' 'taffeta,'' tambour,' 'turban;' this last appearing in strange forms, 'tolibant' (Puttenham), tulipant' (Herbert's Travels), turribant' (Spenser), 'turbat,' ' turbant,' and at length 'turban;' 'zemindar,' 'zenana.' We have also a few Turkish, such as 'bey,' 'caftan,' chouse,' 'fez,' 'janisary,' 'odalisk,'' tulip,'' xebek.' Of 'civet,' 'mohair,' and 'scimitar' I believe it can only be asserted that they are Eastern. 'Bamboo,' 'cassowary,' 'gong,' 'gutta-percha,'' orang-utang,' 'rattan,'' sago,' 'upas,' are Malay. The following are Hindostanee: 'avatar,' 'banian,' 'bungalow,' 'calico,' 'chintz,' 'cowrie,' 'jungle,' 'lac,' loot,' 'muslin,' 'punch,' 'rajah,' 'rupee,' 'toddy.' 'Tea,' or 'tcha,' as it was once spelt, with 'bohea,' 'hyson,' 'souchong,' is Chinese; so too are 'junk,' 'hong,' 'nankeen.'

To come nearer home-we have a certain number of Italian words, as ambuscade,' 'bagatelle,' balcony,' 'baldachin,'' balustrade,' 'bandit,' 'bravo,' 'broccoli,' 'buffoon,' 'burlesque,' 'bust' (it was 'busto' at first, and therefore from the Italian, not from the French), cadence,'' cascade,' 'cameo,' 'canto,' 'caricature,' 'carnival,'' cartoon,' 'casemate,'' casino,'' catafalque,' cavalcade,' ' charlatan,' 'citadel,' 'concert,' ' conver'corridor,' sazione,' cupola,' dilettante,' 'ditto,' 'doge,' 'domino,'' fiasco,' ' filagree,' 'fresco,' 'gabion,' 'gazette,' 'generalissimo,' 'gondola,' 'gonfalon,' 'grotto' ('grotta' in Bacon), gusto,'' harlequin,'

6

6

'imbroglio,' 'inamorato,' 'influenza,' 'lagoon,' 'lava,' 'lavolta,'' lazaretto,'' macaroni,' 'madonna,' 'madrepore,' 'madrigal,' 'malaria,' 'manifesto,' 'maraschino,' masquerade masquerade' ('mascarata' in Hacket), 'mezzotint,' 'motett,' 'motto,' 'moustachio' ('mostaccio' in Ben Jonson), 'nuncio,' 'opera,' ' oratorio,' 'pantaloon,' 'parapet,' 'pedant,' 'pedantry,' 'pianoforte,' 'piaster,' 'piazza,' 'porcelain,' 'portico,' 'protocol,' 'proviso,' 'regatta,' 'rocket,' 'ruffian,' 'scaramouch,'' sequin,' seraglio,'' serenade,'' sirocco,' 'sketch,' 'solo,' 'sonnet,' 'stanza,' 'stiletto,'' stucco,' 'studio,' 'terrace,' 'terracotta,' 'torso,' 'trombone,' ' umbrella,'' vedette,' 'vermicelli,' 'violoncello,' 'virtuoso,' ' vista,' ' volcano,' 'zany.' Others once common enough, as 'becco,' 'cornuto,' 'fantastico,' 'impresa' (the armorial device on shields), 'magnifico,' 'saltimbanco' (=mountebank), are now obsolete. Sylvester has 'farfalla' for butterfly, but, so far as I know, this use is peculiar to him.

If this is at all a complete collection of our Italian words, the Spanish in the language are nearly as numerous; nor would it be wonderful if they were more; for although our literary relations with Spain have been slight indeed as compared with those which we have maintained with Italy, we have had other points of contact, friendly and hostile, with the former much more real than we have known with the latter. Thus we have from the Spanish, 'albino,' 'alligator' ('el lagarto '), ‘armada,' ' armadillo,' 'barricade,' 'bastinado,' bolero,' bravado,'' buffalo' (buff' or buffle' is the proper English word), 'cambist,'' camisado,'' cannibal,'' caracole,'' caravel,' 'carbonado,'' cargo,' carrack,'' cartel,'' cigar,'' cochi

I.

Italian and Spanish Words.

17

neal,' 'commodore,' 'creole,' 'desperado,' 'don,' 'duenna,' ' eldorado,' ' embargo,' 'fandango,' 'farthingale,' 'filibuster,' 'flotilla,' ' gala,' 'garotte,' 'grandee,' 'grenade,' 'guerilla,' 'hackney,' 'hooker,'* 'indigo,' 'infanta,' 'jennet,' 'junto,' 'maravedi,' 'maroon,' + merino,' 'molasses,' 'mosquito,' 'mulatto,' 'negro,' 'olio,' 'ombre,'' palaver,' ' parade,' paragon,'' parasol,' 'parroquet,' 'peccadillo,' 'picaroon,' 'pintado,' ' platina,' 'poncho,' 'punctilio' (for a long time spelt 'puntillo' in English books), 'quinine,' 'reformado,' 'sarsaparilla,' 'sassafras,' 'sherry,' 'soda,' 'stampede, 'stoccado,' 'strappado,' 'tornado,' 'vanilla,' 'verandah.' 'Caprice' too we obtained rather from Spain than Italy; it was written 'capricho' by those who used it first. Other Spanish words, once familiar, are now extinct. Punctilio' lives on, but not 'punto,' which is common enough in Bacon. Privado,' a prince's favourite, one admitted to his privacy (frequent in Jeremy Taylor and Fuller), has disappeared; so too have 'quirpo' (cuerpo), a jacket fitting close to the body; 'quellio' (cuello), a ruff or neck-collar; ' matachin,' the title of a sword-dance; all frequent in our early dramatists; and 'flota,' the constant name of the treasure-fleet from the Indies.

* Not in our dictionaries; but a kind of coasting vessel well known to seafaring men, the Spanish 'urca;' thus in Oldys' Life of Raleigh: 'Their galleons, galleasses, gallies, urcas, and zabras were miserably shattered.'

+ A'maroon' is a negro who has escaped to the woods, and there lives wild. The word is a corruption of 'cimarron,' signifying wild in Spanish. In our earlier discoverers it still retains its shape (Drake writes it 'symaron'), though not its spelling. See Notes and Queries, 1866, p. 86.

C

'Intermess,' employed by Evelyn, is the Spanish 'entremes,' though not recognized as such in our dictionaries. Albatross,' 'gentoo,' 'mandarin,'' marmalade,'' moidore,' palanquin,' 'yam,' are Portuguese.

6

Celtic things for the most part we designate by Celtic words; such as 'bannock,' 'bard,' 'bog,' 'brogues,' ' clan,' ' claymore,' 'fillibeg,' 'kilt,' 'pibroch,' ' plaid,' ' reel,'' shamrock,' 'slogan,' 'usquebaugh,' 'whiskey.' The words which I have just named are for the most part of comparatively recent introduction; but many others, how many is yet a very unsettled question, which at a much earlier date found admission into our tongue, are derived from this same quarter.*

6

Then too the New World has given us a certain number of words, Indian and other-‘anana' or 'ananas' (Brazilian), cacique' ('cassiqui,' in Raleigh's Guiana), caiman,' calumet,' 'canoe,' 'caribou,' 'catalpa,' 'caoutchouc' (South American), chocolate,'' cocoa,' ' condor,' ' guano' (Peruvian), 'hamoc' ('hamaca' in Raleigh), hominy,' 'inca,' 'jaguar,' 'jalap,' 'lama,' 'maize' (Haytian), 'manitee,' 'mocassin,' 'mohawk,' 'opossum,' 'pampas,' 'pappoos,' 'pemmican,' 'pirogue,' 'potato' (' batata ' in our earlier voyagers), ' puma' (Peruvian), ' raccoon,' sachem,'' samp,' savannah' (Haytian), 'skunk,' 'squaw,' 'tapioca,' 'tobacco,' 'tomahawk,' 'tomata ' (Mexican), 'wampum,' 'wigwam.' If 'hurricane' was originally obtained from the Caribbean islanders,† it should be included in this list.

* See Koch, Hist. Gram. der Englischen Sprache, vol. i. p. 4. + See Washington Irving, Life and Voyages of Columbus, b. viii. c. 9.