Railroad Engineers' Field-book and Explorers' Guide: Especially Adapted to the Use of Railroad Engineers on Location and Construction, and to the Needs of the Explorer in Making Exploratory Surveys

Cover
J. Wiley & sons, 1890 - 358 Seiten
 

Inhalt

Danger of breaking Train and Derailment
24
Work done on Grades
25
Pushergrades
26
Short Tangents
27
Table of Work done against Resistances
28
Cost per Trainmile
29
Cost of Operating Pushergrades
30
To estimate Effect of Ditto
31
COST OF CONSTRUCTION 43 Average Cost of Track 32 8888
32
Average Cost of One Mile of Track
33
Transit
34
Remarks
36
Stadia
39
Compass
42
Magnetic Variation
43
Dumpy Level
45
SEC PAGE 51 Correction for Curvature and Refraction
46
Hand Level
47
THE SURVEY 53 Reconnoissance and Preliminary Surveys
48
Running the Line to Grade
49
Table of Grades and Grade Angles
50
Transit Work
51
Latitudes and Departures
52
Azimuth Observations
54
A Maximum Elongation of Polaris
55
B Observation of y Cassiopeia and Polaris
56
Observation of Alioth and Polaris
57
Convergence of Meridians
59
Simple Triangulations
60
Levelling
61
Precision of a Line of Levels
62
Locating by means of Contour Lines
64
Levels and Curvature
66
Value of Topography
67
Tangents and Curves
68
Balance of Cuts and Fills
69
Estimating by Centre Heights
71
Corrections for 50foot Chords
72
Length of Curves
74
Fundamental Formulæ
75
PROBLEMS IN SIMPLE CURVES 76 To lay out a curve by deflection angles
78
To locate a curve when the apex is inaccessible
81
To locate a curve by offsets from a tangent
82
Ditto if the apex P C etc are inaccessible
83
To locate a curve by offsets from the chords produced
85
To locate a curve by ordinates from a long chord
87
CONSTRUCTION
108
SEC PAGE 107 Reference Points
115
Setting out Bridge Foundations
116
Setting out Trestlework
117
Setting out Tunnels
118

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Seite 234 - Nitric acid will produce a black spot on steel ; the darker the spot the harder the steel. Iron, on the contrary, remains bright if touched with nitric acid. Good steel in its soft state has a curved fracture and a uniform grey lustre ; in its hard state, a dull, silvery, uniform white.
Seite 233 - For the purpose of seasoning, timber should be piled under shelter, where it may be kept dry, but not exposed to a strong current of air ; at the same time, there should be a free circulation of air about the timber, with which view...
Seite 232 - ... uniform color. If the top has a regular, rounded form ; if the bark is dull, scabby, and covered with white and red spots, caused by running water or sap, — the tree is unsound. The decay of...
Seite 247 - ... out the object-glass, so as to bring the vertical wire upon an object as near as the range of the telescope will allow. Having this clearly in mind, unclamp the limb, turn the instrument half-way around, reverse the...
Seite 248 - When both wires in succession have been thus treated, the line of collimation is adjusted on the near object, and the telescope again brought upon the most distant point ; here the tube is again revolved, the reversion of the wires upon the object once more tested, and the correction, if necessary, made in the same manner. He proceeds thus until the wires will reverse upon both objects in succession ; the line of collimation will then be in adjustment at these and all intermediate points, and by...

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