Geochemistry: An IntroductionCambridge University Press, 03.07.2003 - 248 Seiten From measuring geological time, through unravelling the evolution of continents, ocean and mantle, to understanding climate change, modern geochemistry is a discipline which pervades nearly all of the Earth Sciences. Geochemistry provides a broad introduction to the subject, which concentrates on the inorganic chemistry of the condensed part of our planet. This new textbook is written by the author of the authoritative and widely acclaimed Introduction to Geochemical Modelling (Cambridge, 1995). Emphasizing general principles rather than specific observations, Professor Albarède leads the reader through the simplest concepts of physics and chemistry behind geochemical processes. He covers fields central to geochemistry, such as crystal chemistry, mass balance and element transport, and geochemical dynamics. A broad range of applications is introduced, in natural water systems, the deep Earth and planetary processes. Geochemistry is an ideal textbook for undergraduate students, and will also provide an accessible introduction for researchers working in related fields. |
Inhalt
Introduction | 1 |
The properties of elements | 7 |
11 The periodic table | 8 |
12 Chemical bonding | 12 |
14 Geochemical classifications | 17 |
15 The different reservoirs and their composition | 18 |
16 The nucleus and radioactivity | 20 |
Mass conservation elemental and isotopic fractionation | 23 |
71 Early diagenesis | 125 |
72 Hydrothermal reactions | 127 |
73 Metamorphism | 132 |
74 Waterrock ratios | 134 |
Reference | 135 |
The solid Earth | 137 |
81 The geochemical variability of magmas | 140 |
812 Differentiation of magmatic series | 144 |
21 Conservation of mass | 25 |
22 Elemental fractionation | 29 |
23 Isotopic fractionation | 34 |
24 Distillation processes | 43 |
References | 46 |
Geochronology and radiogenic tracers | 47 |
31 Dating by radioactive nuclides | 52 |
312 Beryllium10 | 53 |
313 The thorium230 excess method | 54 |
32 Systems with high parentdaughter ratios | 56 |
321 The potassiumargon method | 57 |
322 Dating zircons by the uraniumlead method | 58 |
33 The isochron method | 60 |
34 Radiogenic tracers | 64 |
Element transport | 69 |
41 Advection | 70 |
42 Diffusion | 71 |
421 Closure temperature of radioactive chronometers | 74 |
422 Other applications | 76 |
43 Chromatography | 77 |
44 Reaction rates | 79 |
Reference | 80 |
Geochemical systems | 81 |
52 Interaction of multiple reservoirs and geochemical cycles | 87 |
53 Mixing | 91 |
References | 94 |
Waters present and past | 95 |
62 Speciation in solutions | 97 |
63 Waterrock reactions | 98 |
64 Biological activity | 101 |
66 Precipitation rivers weathering and erosion | 106 |
67 Elements of marine chemistry | 110 |
68 Climate | 115 |
References | 122 |
Mineral reactions | 123 |
82 Magmatism of the different tectonic sites | 146 |
83 Mantle convection | 155 |
84 The growth of continental crust | 157 |
References | 163 |
The Earth in the Solar System | 165 |
92 The formation of the Solar System | 171 |
93 Condensation of planetary material | 173 |
94 The composition of the Earth and its core and the origin of seawater | 176 |
95 The age of the Earth | 180 |
96 The Moon | 184 |
97 Mars | 187 |
References | 189 |
The geochemical behavior of selected elements | 191 |
102 Aluminum | 193 |
103 Potassium | 194 |
104 Sodium | 196 |
105 Magnesium | 197 |
106 Calcium | 198 |
107 Iron | 199 |
108 Sulfur | 202 |
109 Phosphorus | 204 |
1010 Carbon | 205 |
Reference | 206 |
Composition of the major geological units | 207 |
The mixing equation for ratios | 210 |
A refresher on thermodynamics | 212 |
The Rayleigh distillation equation | 220 |
The geological time scale | 222 |
An overview of analytical methods | 223 |
Physical and geophysical constants | 230 |
Some equations relative to residence time | 232 |
Further reading | 235 |
239 | |
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Häufige Begriffe und Wortgruppen
abundant acid albite alkalinity andesites anorthosite argon atmosphere atoms basalts calcite carbon chemical chondrites clay clinopyroxene components concentration condensation constant continental crust convection core crystallization decay depleted depth diagenesis differentiation dissolved Earth electron energy equation equilibrium erosion feldspar Figure fluids foraminifera formation gases geochemical geochemistry geological granite HCO3 hydrothermal igneous incompatible elements ionic ions iron isochron isotopic composition isotopic fractionation isotopic ratios liquid lithophile lithosphere lower mantle magma mass measurement melting metamorphic meteorites method mid-ocean ridges million minerals MORB Nd/144Nd ratio neutrons nucleus nuclides oceanic crust octahedral olivine orbitals oxidized oxygen particles partition coefficient phase plagioclase planet precipitation pressure processes produced protons pyroxene quartz radioactive radiogenic reactions relative reservoir residence rocks sample seawater sedimentary sediments siderophile silicates SiO2 Solar System solid solubility solution stable isotope subduction sulfate sulfide temperature upper mantle vapor zones
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