are famous for the lustre they give to the linen washed in them. Gaya, at Vendrell. Foix, at Cubellas. Lobregat and Besos, at Barcelona. Bellet, at Santa Pol. Tordero, at Pals. Ter (Sambroca): before the river's mouth are the three islands Medos des Estardes, the largest of which is one mile and a half long, and has a fort. Lobregat (Rubricatus), and Fluvia, into the Bay of Roses. Port-Towns.-Algeziras (Tingentera and Julia Traducta), on the west shore of Gibraltar Bay, is a small fortified town at the mouth of the little brackish river La Miel. It receives its fresh water by an aqueduct of hewn stone from the distance of a quarter of a league. Its trade is confined to receiving a few cargoes of brandy and corn by Catalonian vessels, and to the export of charcoal of the neighbouring mountains to Cadiz. A packet-boat sails twice a week hence to Ceuta. Off the town a mile is the little island Palomas, covered by a fort, whence the town derives its name, signifying in Arabic an island. The celebrated rock of Gibraltar, the ancient Calpe, is a peninsular mass of mountain three miles long, north and south, and one mile broad. Its highest point is 1439 feet above the sea, and commands a view of forty leagues in every direction. See GIBRALTAR. Estapona is a town on the beach, off which vessels anchor; about sixty small vessels belong to it, employed chiefly in carrying fruit to Cadiz and Malaga. Marbella, at the foot of a hill, has 1100 inhabitants, and twenty small craft also employed in the coasting trade to Cadiz, Malaga, Ceuta, &c. Fiangerola, a fortification on the side of a hill, of Roman foundation, and of Moorish superstructure; at its foot is a small town, whose inhabitants are employed in the sardine and anchovy fishery. Malaga, on the Guadalmedina, founded by the Phoenicians, by the name of Malochi, from the quantity of salt-fish sold here, is a large city, and built at the foot of a hill, surrounded by a double wall, flanked with high towers, and commanded by a Moorish castle on a rock. The cathedral is said to be as large as St. Paul's, and it has besides fourteen parish churches and twenty-two monasteries and convents, a handsome customhouse, a royal marine arsenal, and many Roman antiquities. It has only a pier-haven in the mouth of the river for vessels of nine or ten feet, larger ones being obliged to anchor in the road much exposed. It is the third commercial city of Spain, exporting chiefly the produce of its soil and fishery: viz. wines, dried fruits, oil, and anchovies. Its manufactures of any consequence are silk, thread, hats, soap, and paper. In 1789 100 English ships entered and ten French. It has about twenty merchant brigs and snows belonging to it, and in 1804 had sixty commercial houses. Velez (old) Malaga, a handsome little town east of Malaga, though formerly on the beach, is now a league from it, the sea continually retiring from this part of the coast. It exports some fruits to Malaga, by a village on a deep cove before it. Almunecar (Manoba), an insignificant place on a cove, before which is an island with a fortified tower. Salobrena, a small town where coasting vessels load fruit; off it is an island with a passage within it in fourteen fathoms. Motrill, a small town two miles from the sea, on the river Orgiva. Castel de Ferro, on a hill close to the ea, exports some wool coastwise. Adra (Abdera), on the river of the same name, is a small place. Almeria (Murgis), at the head of a large bay, was anciently the most commercial city of Spain, but at present is insignificant both as to population and trade, its exports being confined to some barilla and lead. Mujacar is an insignificant town, and Almazaron, a village with an island before it, on which is a light-house, and a fortified town, on the west side of the cove. Carthagena (Carthago Nova), founded by As drubal the Carthaginian general, is one of the three royal ports. Its harbour is one of the best of Spain, being a natural basin surrounded by hills; the entrance is defended by two redoubts, and by a battery of twelve guns on a mole. The marine arsenal is spacious, and protected by forty guns towards the water. It employs 6500 men, and the population of the city is 28,000. The principal exports are wool and barilla. A great quantity of rope and cables is made here of the Esparto rush. Cervera is a small town, south of the cape of the same name. Guardamar, at the mouth of the Rio Segura, exports salt. La Mata, a small town, near the lagoon of the same name, defended by a castle, where a number of small vessels load salt. Alicant (Lucentum), the fourth commercial city of Spain, is situated in the northern extremity of a bay, at the foot of a hill, on whose summit is a castle, commanding the town and communicating with it by a passage between two walls. It has only a pier haven for small craft, large vessels being obliged to anchor out in the bay, three miles from the town, in seven fathoms. Alicant is the entrepot of the commercial productions of Valencia and Murcia, consisting of soap, wine, wool, fruit, salt, barilla, kermes, anniseed, antimony, alum, vermilion, &c., which are exported by 800 to 900 ships annually. Benidorme, a large and handsome fishing village, and Altea Nuova and Altea Vieza, on the left and right banks of a river, are villages which export coastwise some wines, silk, flax, and honey. Cabea or Xavea, on a large cove, with anchorage in twelve to fifteen fathoms. Denia (Artemisium and Dianium), founded by the Marseillais in honor of Diana, is a small town, north of cape Martin, and on a cove, in which large ships anchor in six and seven fathoms. It has also a pier-haven for vessels of eight or nine feet. Oliva, a town a mile from the shore. Gandia, a town on the Alcoy, whose mouth forms a port, called the Grao de Gandia. Cullera, a small town or the north bank of the Xucar, visited by small craft chiefly to load rice. Valencia, surnamed the handsome, although, according to the description of it by travellers, it little deserves this name, the streets being narrow, crooked, not paved, and the houses ill built and dirty. It is surrounded by a rampart, and has a citadel of little strength. Its popula tion is 105,000, of which, before the French in vasion, 2610 were priests, monks, and nuns. It is situated on the right bank of the Guadalaviar, three leagues from its mouth. Sailing vessels cannot ascend the river, but anchor on the road, called Grao de Valencia, before the river's mouth, where they are entirely exposed, nor has it even a commodious landing place; nevertheless it exports the productions of which Valencia is the depot, and which are the same as those exported from Alicant. The Grao village is also frequented for sea-bathing. The principal trading nations have resident consuls at Valencia. It has extensive manufactures of silk. Murviedro is a town on the right bank of the river of the same name, or Palencio, a league from its mouth. It is surrounded by old Moorish walls, whence is derived its name (Muros Vielos), and stands on a part of the site of the ancient Saguntum, a quarter of a mile from the sea; the streets are narrow and dark, but the suburbs well built. The citadel, which still retains the name of Sagonta, occupies the entire summit of a high rock it is surrounded by modern walls, and has besides some Moorish fortifications and Roman antiquities; in the centre is a covered cistern 200 feet long, twenty wide, and still eighteen deep, though half filled with rubbish. At the foot of the rock are the ruins of the Roman theatre worthy of particular notice. The Grao, or road of Murviedro, is entirely open, and the bottom foul. Its trade is confined to the export of some brandy coastwise. Peniscola is in an open bay in which ships anchor in ten fathoms. Benicarlo, a fishing town one league and a half west of Peniscola, is celebrated for its wines. Vinaros, a league from Benicarlo, on the Servol, has a considerable coasting trade, its chief export being brandy. Vessels of fifty tons enter the river, but no foreign vessels are permitted to load here. San Carlos, in the port of Alfaques, was founded in 1792 by the crown as a fishing station, and principally built at its expense. It consists of one wide but short street, the houses uniformly have only one story, Amposta is on the right bank of the Ebro, four leagues from the sea and two leagues from St. Carlos, with which it communicates by a canal. Tortosa (Dertosa), on a hill on the Ebro, two leagues above Amposta, has a handsome cathedral, and an old castle a mile square. Its exports are confined to dried fish and barilla. Lorpagne, a neat little town on a hill, with a haven formed by two piers; it exports some wine and brandy coastwise. Balaguer, a castle on a hill overlooking the sea, and defending a pass in the mountains, called the Col de Balaguer. Cambrils is a neighbouring town on a little river. Salo and Villa Seca, small towns which export some brandy coastwise. Tarragona, on a rocky eminence, near the left bank of the Francoli, a quarter of a league from its mouth. It is surrounded by ancient Roman walls of immense strength, and defended by two castles. The cathedral is a magnificent structure. A new port was formed to receive large vessels in 1800, and it has an administration of marine. Tarragona is supposed to have been founded by the Phoenicians 2000 years before the Christian era; its Phoenician name of Tarcon was corrupted by the Romans into Tarraco, Under the latter it was the capital of Hispania Citerior, and, according to some historians, contained 2,500,000 inhabitants. Between 467 and 1713 it sustained ten regular sieges, and was several times taken and the inhabitants put to the sword. In 1807 it was besieged by the French, and after an obstinate defence capitulated; but the French soldiers commanded by Suchet, deservedly surnamed the Butcher of Tarragona, committed as great cruelties as if the place had been taken by assault, massacring the defenceless inhabitants without regard to age or sex. It exports a considerable quantity of grain, wines, and brandy. In 1805, 208 square rigged and 1506 lateen rigged vessels entered the port, of which number 1515 were Spanish. Taran, Vendrel at the mouth of the Gaya, Cubellas on the Foix, are insignificant. Villa Nuova, a small town on the beach, before which vessels anchor in seven to nine fathoms. It has no haven, and the small craft belonging to it are hauled o shore. Sitgas, a mile inland, has a cove before it. Barcelona, the second city of Spain in population and commerce, has 160,000 inhabitants, and is situated on a bend of the shore, between the Lobregat on the south and the Besos on the north. Its port is formed by a mole on the north-east; on whose extremity is a light-house. Within the mole the depth is but eight feet, and is daily diminishing by the sand thrown into it from the sea, the mole preventing any off-set. The mud of the Besos and Lobregat also form banks before the entrance; vessels of burden are therefore obliged to anchor in the roads one mile and a half from shore, and entirely exposed to the sea. The streets, though it has some good ones, are in general narrow and crooked, paved with large flat stones, and badly lighted. It is strongly fortified on the land side by ramparts and bastions supported by extensive outworks. Mount Jouy, a strong fort on a hill to the south-west, commands the port and town, a part of which latter is also commanded by a citadel surrounded by a ditch on the north-east. The usual garrison is from 5000 to 6000 men. Here is an administration of marine, and a large military arsenal called the Tersana, in which is a foundry of cannon. Barcelona had before the wars an active and passive commerce, to the amount of £1,500,000 sterling. The number of vessels that entered and sailed was nearly 1200, of which the common proportion was 500 Spaniards, 200 French, 150 English, sixty Danes, forty-five Dutch, and 300 of all other nations. The town possessed about 100 square-rigged vessels. The commercial nations have resident consuls here. The chief exports are wine, brandy, wool, cork, fruits, and silk. The manufactures are more flourishing than in any other city of Spain: they are silks of all kinds, coarse woollens, cottons, window-glass, paper, hats, gauze; all of which are exported to the colonies, as well as shoes, of which Barcelona supplied 700,000 pairs annually, valued at 2s. the pair. Barcelona is said to have been founded by the Carthaginians, who gave it the name of their general Hannibal Barcino. Between 802 and 1714 it sustained eleven sieges, and was seven times taken. The new town of Barcelonette, on the south-east, may be considered a suburb of Barcelona: it is an exact square with twenty-four streets, each twenty-sive feet wide, and crossing at right angles. The houses are of brick, uniform, and with each twenty-five feet front. It is inhabited almost entirely by persons employed in marine affairs. From Barcelona to the north the shore presents a quick succession of small towns and villages, of which the principal are San Andria, Badelona, Mongat at the foot of a hill, on whose summit is a castle. Masnou, Premire de Baix, Velazer de Baix ; all these places have manufactures of iron and brandy, which they export coastwise. Mataro, a town four leagues and a half east of Barcelona, has a good trade, exporting chiefly its own manufactures of soap, brandy, silks, cottons, linens, sail-cloth, lace, &c. It has an administration of marine, and a constant garrison of two squadrons of cavalry. From Mataro to the frontiers of France there is no town of any consideration. The principal places in succession are Arens de Mar, St. Maria de Mar, Canet de Mar, St. Pol de Mar, on the little river Bellet; all places which have manufactures of anchors, brandy, silk, and cotton stockings, which they export to the neighbouring ports and to Roussillon and Italy. Callela is beautifully situated and neatly built; Pineda, Malgrat, and Tordera, on the left bank of the little river of the same name. Blanes has some tanneries, Tosa a village built on a steep hill projecting into the sea, which shelters its cove from all winds but south-west. St. Feliu de Guixol. Palamos has a small pier-haven for craft on the south side of Cape St. Sebastian: Pals, at the mouth of the Tordero, Ampurias (Empora) on the Fluvia. Roses (Rhodes), on the north side of the Bay of Roses, is a village of one street, defended by two forts. Puerto del Trinidad, Cadaques, a small town with a large and safe port. Selva de Mar, or Selva Baxa, west of Cape Creus, is a town of considerable size. Villa Mana de Llansan, the last town in Spain, is situated on a small creek, which penetrates into a beautiful valley. Few historical notices of the commerce of the northern part of Spain occur before the fourteenth century then we learn that it exported wool northward. At present it only exports the productions of the mines and soil, viz. iron, wool, chestnuts of Biscay, and filberts of Asturias; Galicia having nothing to export but a small quantity of anchovies, which are taken from Vigo, Ferrol, and Corunna. The iron goes from the ports of Biscay principally to England. The woo! is collected at Burgos, and thence transferred to the ports of Biscay, whence it is sent chiefly to England, Holland, and France, to the amount of 80,000 quintals. The value of the ch: nuts and filberts sent to England and the north is about 400,000 reals. The imports of these provinces (chiefly from England, Holland, and France) are fine woollens and linens, hardware, salt butter, salted cod, and fish oil. The ports that have a direct foreign trade are St. Sebastian, St. Andero, Laredo, and Bilbao, Luarca and Cudillera, Corunna and Vigo. Biscay Proper, with respect to its commercial privileges retained from ancient times, forms a kind of separate state from the rest of Spain, paying no duties on exports or imports, and consequently having neither custom-houses nor custom-house officers. The frontiers are, however, strictly watched, to prevent the clandestine introduction of merchandize through this province into the others. In consequence of this exemption from duties, which the Biscayens are obstinate in preserving, they are prohibited the com. merce with America. Spain had formerly very considerable fisheries on the coasts of the ocean, 1,000,000 of persons, according to Spanish writers, being at one period employed in this branch of industry. They have, however, been long reduced to insignificance; for, though the fish still continue to visit these coasts in such abundance that it is often sold by cart loads for a mere trifle, industry and capital are both wanting to elevate the fishery as an object of national riches. The import of salt cod from England is estimated (for the whole of Spain) at 3,000,000 of duros; the Newfoundland cod being preferred to the Norwegian, and the attempts made to substitute the fish taken on the coasts of Biscay and Asturias have been without success. The rivers of these coasts are also so abundant in salmon, that in the Urumea in particular it is sold for four quartos, or three far things, the pound. Spain has long ceased to have any foreign fisheries. In the fourteenth century the Spanish marine, both with respect to war and navigation, held the first place in Europe, and the names of Columbus, Magellan, and Mendana, will live for ever in the page of history with that of our immortal Cook; but the naval glory of Spain disappeared with her invincible armada, and, under the three first Philips and the second Charles, she had neither ships nor seamen. During the war of the succession a transient activity was observed in naval affairs; and, in the two last reigns, considerable efforts have been made to revive the military marine. At the conclusion of the war of 1761 the fleet consisted of thirty-seven ships of the line and thirty frigates. In 1770 fifty-one of the line from 112 to fifty-eight guns, twentytwo frigates, and twenty-nine lesser vessels. În 1774 sixty-four of the line, of which eight were three-deckers, twenty-six frigates, and twentyseven smaller vessels. In 1778 sixty-seven of the line, thirty-two frigates, and sixty-two small vessels. At the end of 1793 the numbers were, 70 Ships of the line, from 112 to 54 guns. 46 Frigates 3 Sloops 16 Xebecs 28 Brigantines 3 Bombs 8 Packets 7 Schooners 2 Fire-ships 216 42.. 18 20..18 The number of sea officers, in the year 1798, ships are also built at the Havannah of the cedar was, of the country. 2 Captains-generals or admirals. 24 Lieutenants-generals or vice-admirals. 41 Commanders of divisions or rear-admirals. 52 Brigadiers or commodores. 118 Captains of ships of the line. 175 Captains of frigates. 251 Lieutenants of ships of the line. 233 Lieutenants of frigates. 231 Alferez (ensigns) of ships of the line. 304 Alferez of frigates. 308 Cadets or midshipmen. 1739 All the subordinate officers rise to the rank of captains of ships of the line by seniority, as well as merit and interest. There is also a corps of pilots having rank as officers. It is composed of four classes, chief pilots, second pilots, coasting and harbour pilots. The chief pilots are divided into two classes, and seem to answer to masters in the English navy, the second pilots to secondmasters and masters' mates. This corps has a particular commandant at Cadiz.-Its number in 1798 was 464. Attached to the marine are also corps of engineers, artillery, and infantry. The corps of engineers consists of forty officers. Its chief has the rank of a flag officer, and the others rank with the sea officers according to their classes. The artillery is composed of sixteen brigades, viz. six at Cadiz, six at Ferrol, and four at Carthagena, at each of which ports it has a resident staff. The strength of this corps in 1797 was 2611. The infantry or troops of the marine consists of twelve battalions, four at each royal port its strength 12,384. The seamen for the fleet are raised by inscription in classes. 55,000 to 60,000 are registered, but of which not above 40,000 could be levied. The civil administration of the marine, answering to the English Navy Board, is stationary at Madrid. It consists of an inspector-general, usually a flag-officer, three indentants, viz. one for each royal port, always a flag-officer, a chief contador for each of the ports, who has the victualling department, and two treasurers or paymasters at each port. The subordinate officers, clerks, &c., in this department, make the whole number amount to upwards of 500 per sons. The principal civil officers of each port are a chief engineer, who superintends the works carrying on in the dock-yards; and a commandant, charged with their police. The total number of persons employed in the three naval arsenals exceeds 20,000, including 4000 to 5000 galley slaves employed as laborers. Each arsenal has a naval hospital and a marine academy. The materials for her navy which Spain possesses at home are oak timber, iron, and hemp; the latter, which was formerly procured from the north, being now furnished by Granada, Arragon, and Navarre, and of it the cordage and sail-cloth are made. A great quantity of cordage is also made of the esparto rush; the cables of this substance, having the property of floating, are peculiarly adapted for anchoring over a rocky bottom. The copper of Mexico and Peru is used for sheathing the Spanish ships. A number of The interior of Spain is composed of a series of elevated tracks of great length, or of a number of mountain terraces, running principally from east to west, which constitutes its principal geographical feature. The Pyrenees, its north-east barrier, are, in a sense, continued through the north of Spain, in the great Cantabrian chain, running parallel to the Bay of Biscay. Near the middle of this range, in long. 4° 15', W., breaks off a secondary chain, stretching southward to Cabo de Gata in Granada. This chain is often called the Iberian; from it four greater mountain ridges traverse the country to the shores of the Atlantic, the valleys between each watered by a great river which absorbs the lesser mountain streams. These rivers are from north to south the Duero, the Tagus, the Guadiana, and the Guadalquivir. In a very different quarter (the north-east) the Ebro receives the waters flowing on one side from the Pyrenees, on the other side from the Iberian range. The interior of Spain (comprising part of Old and New Castile) is an elevated table land, containing several towns, at a height above the sea not usual in the rest of Europe. Thus Madrid is 2200 feet, and St. Ildefonso no less than 3800, above the level of the sea, being the most elevated royal residence in Europe. Toward the sources of the Tagus the Iberian ridge sends off a branch which, stretching in almost a southern direction, separates La Mancha from the province of Múrcia, to the west of the town of Albacete, and rises into the lofty mountains of Alcaráz and Segúra (the ancient Orospeda), dividing the waters between the Guadalquivir and the Segúra, the two main streams which severally and finally convey them to the ocean and the Mediterranean. One of the two great limbs which terminate the Iberian ridge runs into the sea at the Cape Cervéra; the other, bending to the south, skirts the kingdom of Granada, and disappears at the Cape Gata. To the latter belongs the mountain Cabezo de María, between Cartagena and Cape Gata, one league west of the town of Vera on the coast of Valencia. It rises 2287 yards above the sea, and has its summit covered with snow during one-half of the year. Smaller branches of this chain project between the Túria and the Cabriel, which loses itself in the Xucar at Cofrentes. A ridge runs between the last mentioned river and the Alcoy, another stream, which flows into the sea near Gandía. A minor chain separates the Alcoy and the mouth of the Segúra. The province of Valencia is, in fact, divided by mountains into most fertile stripes, watered by numerous streams, and enjoying every blessing which nature grants to the most favored climates. The mountains on the right of the Xúcar, from Cofrentes to the sea, bear the appellations of Cortes de Pallás and Milláres. To the left of the same river the mountains are known by the names of Torres and Dos Aguas, which they change for that of Monte Caballón when they penetrate into Valencia from the province of Cuénça. The rock on which the castle of Monserrat stands, near the sea-shore, five leagues west of the lake Albuféra, may be considered as belonging to this ridge. The castle is 313 yards above the sea. From the mountains of Millares to the right of the Xucar another ramification projects between the provinces of Múrcia and Valencia. Before reaching Villena it bends towards the sea, on the left of the Alcoy, where it is known by the name of Sierra de Marióla. The number, purity, and copiousness of the streams, which are fed by these hills, render them a main source of wealth and comfort to the country. The highest summit of this ridge is called Moncabrér. Another arm stretches from Villena, in which we find the Sierra de Viar, the rock of Xixóna, the mountain of Aytana, and the pyramidical mountain of Mongó, near the Capes San Antonio and Martin. The longer duration of snow on its top makes Cavanilles believe that it surpasses Moncabrér in height. The southernmost part of the chain, which strikes off at Villena, yields its waters to the stream of the Segura. The interior of Spain, hot in summer, is liable to piercing winds, and is unsuitable to the production of various fruits which thrive in Italy in more northern latitudes. In no country does the temperature vary more according to the wind; for the low-lying districts in Andalusia, Murcia, and part of Valencia, are often visited by a scorching wind from Africa called the Solano, and very similar in its effects to the Sirocco of Italy and Greece. The elevation of a great part of Spain renders it difficult to make use of its rivers either for irrigation or navigation; so that a soil which, when watered, is highly fertile, is often left in a dry and parched state. Of the various canals projecting from time to time, the only one hitherto turned to much account is that of Arragon. The canal of the river Manzanares is of use only for bringing provisions to the capital. The roads in Spain are difficult by reason of the unevenness of the surface; they are good only between Madrid and a few large towns. The cross roads are in general so bad as to necessitate the carriage of most commodities or the backs of mules and horses. In the time of the Romans the Ebro is said to have been navigable up to Logrono, a distance of sixty-five leagues inland. The emperor Don Alonso, in the twelfth century, ordered galleys to be sunk near Zaragoza, as a defence against the Moorish navy. Zurita relates that, in the fifteenth century, king Don Juan sailed down the Ebro from Navarre into Arragon. We find, however, the Cortes of the latter kingdom, under Charles II. of Spain, towards the end of the seventeenth century, deliberating upon plans for expediting the navigation of this river near the sea. A survey was made for the purpose in 1738, but with no practical result. The grand canal of Arragon was at length begun under Charles III., the grandfather of the present king; and were it completed it would be a splendid monument of the national spirit. The little that exists of the canal of Arragon might, if we believe Antillon, compete with the works of ancient Rome; but, instead of reaching the sea through the Ebro, and terminating in an artificial harbor, as was intended, it has been carried on for the space of eighteen leagues only, and contributes but little to the internal navigation. Whether it is more favorable to agriculture, by the copious irrigation which it affords in its course, is, we find, a point in dispute. Jovellanos, in his Informe sobre la Ley Agraria, mentions the farmers' complaints against the canals for irrigation; all land owners, within a certain distance, being forced to pay a tax for irrigation, whether they have or not the means, or skill, to avail themselves of the benefit. The farms, for instance, near the canal of Arragon, from Zaragoza to Sástago, pay one-fifth of their corn, and one-seventh of all other produce for irrigation. Spain, abundant in mountain ridges, is naturally rich in minerals; and the iron works of Biscay, Arragon, and Asturias, have been of great note for centuries. In the other provinces the iron has not as yet been wrought to any extent; and the gold mines of Spain are to be traced only in the writings of the ancients. Of silver there is only one modern mine at Guadal-canal in Estremadura. The basis of great part of the mountains is calcareous, and the rocks, composed chiefly of varieties of marble and limestone, abound, like those of similar compositions in other countries, in caverns. Precious stones are found on excavating particular spots; and there are indications of coal mines in various parts, though they are wrought only in Asturias. Salt forms one of the chief products; but it is procured only by evaporating sea-water, a process to which the climate of Spain is favorable. As to its agriculture wheat is cultivated in all the provinces of Spain; maize also is general; rice is adapted to the low marshy tracts; barley and oats to the dry and elevated. Speaking generally, the degree of productiveness depends on the extent of irrigation: when that is effectually performed, the crops, of whatever kind, seldom fail in so favorable a climate. In the low-lying grounds the harvest generally takes place in June: manure is applied, not to corn lands, but to gardens and melon grounds. The Spanish hemp and flax are both of the best quality, and might, were their culture extended, be made the basis of very extensive manufactures. The barley is in general good, and the inferiority of the wheat is owing only to a defective system. Oats arc raised in small quantities, and only for the food of horses and mules; barley mixed with straw is the more general food of these animals; hay is not made in Spain. Grain is separated from the straw, not by thrashing, but by the old practice of treading out by cattle; a method less exceptionable in a dry than in a moist climate. The necessity of importing corn at all arises clearly from the want of easy communication between the provinces, as we learn from official authority that the average crops amount to more than 70,000,000 of quintals by weigh* In the kingdom of Arragon there is an annual surplus of 388,000 cahices (2 910,000 bushels) of corn. In Granada coffee, cotton, sugar, and cocoa, are raised to an extent limited only by the want of capital. Vines are cultivated in every province; in the south-west, near Xeres, are made the well known sherry and tent; in the south and east the Malaga and Alicant wines. The vintage in the south of Spain takes place a |