vensis; 4. brassicata; 5. cernua; 6. Chinensis; 7. erucoides; 8. Hispanica; 9. Japonica; 10. Incana; 11. Juncea; 12. lævigata; 13. millefolia; 14. nigra; 15. orientalis; 16. pubescens; and 17. Pyrenaica. Of these, three are natives of Britain; viz. 1. S. alba, white mustard, is generally cultivated as a salad herb for winter and spring use. This rises with a branched hairy stalk two feet high; the leaves are deeply jagged on their edges, and rough. The flowers are disposed in loose spikes at the end of the branches, standing upon horizontal foot-stalks; they have four yellow petals in form of a cross, which are succeeded by hairy pods, that end with long, compressed, oblique beaks; the pods generally contain four white seeds. 2. S. arvensis grows naturally on arable land in many parts of Britain. The seed of this is commonly sold under the title of Durham mustard seed. Of this there are two varieties, if not distinct species; the one with cut, the other with entire leaves. The stalks rise two feet high; the leaves are rough; in the one they are jagged like turnip-leaves; in the other they are long and entire. The flowers are yellow; the pods are turgid, angular, and have long beaks. nant-governor of Bencoolen. The interior of the island is said to exhibit a succession of hills and dales covered with woods. The soil is fruitful, the water of good quality, and the temperature remarkably cool and healthy for a tropical region. The town is, of course, but an infant settlement, but it is rapidly extending. It is built near the shore, the mercantile part extending along an inlet of the sea, which penetrates into the interior, and is nearly 300 feet wide at its mouth. The harbour is safe, easily approached, and well sheltered. Several mercantile houses of respectability are already established; and there seems every reason to believe that, if maintained on the footing of a free port, Sincapore will at no distant day become one of the greatest emporiums of the east. Its situation, in the centre, so to speak, of a vast archipelago, in a strait through which the vessels of various countries are constantly passing, and within a few days' sail of China, clearly points it out as well fitted to become the entrepôt of an extensive commerce. The rapid rise of this important station,' says its founder, in a letter written in 1820, is, perhaps, without a parallel. When I hoisted the British flag, the population scarcely amounted to 200 souls; in three months the number was not less than 3000; and it now exceeds 10,000, principally Chinese. No less than 173 sail of vessels of different descriptions, principally native, arrived and sailed in the course of the first two months; and it already has become a commercial port of importance.' The latest accounts with which we are acquainted are found in the Asiatic Journal for September, 1823 (No. 93, p. 245). It states in 1822 the tonnage was, By ships By ships By native vessels EXPORTS. Tons. Tons 51,076 66,968 15,892 IMPORTS. 48,037 63,661 . 15,624 3. S. nigra, common mustard, which is frequently found growing naturally in many parts of Britain, but is also cultivated in fields for the seed, of which the sauce called mustard is made. This rises with a branching stalk four or five feet high; the lower leaves are large, rough, and very like those of turnip; the upper leaves are smaller and less jagged. The flowers are small, yellow, and grow in spiked clusters at the end of the branches; they have four petals placed in form of a cross, and are succeeded by smooth fourcornered pods. Mustard, by its acrimony and pungency, stimulates the solids, and attenuates viscid juices; and hence stands deservedly recommended for exciting appetite, assisting digestion, promoting the fluid secretions, and for the other purposes of the acrid plants called antiscorbutic. It imparts its taste and smell in perfection to aqueous liquors, and by distillation with water yields an essential oil of great acrimony. To rectified spirit its seeds give out very little either of their smell or taste. Subjected to the press, they yield a considerable quantity of mild insipid oil, which is as free from acrimony as that of almonds. They are applied as an external stimulant to benumbed or paralytic limbs; to parts affected with fixed rheumatic pains; and to the soles of the feet, in the low stage of acute diseases, for raising the pulse: in this intention, a mixture of equal parts of the powdered seeds and crumb of bread, with the addition sometimes of a little bruised garlic, are made into a cata- Not included in official returns plasm with a sufficient quantity of vinegar. SINAPISM (from sinapis), in pharmacy, an external medicine, in form of a cataplasm, composed chiefly of mustard seed pulverised, and other ingredients mentioned in the last article. SINCAPORE, or SINGAPORE, a town and island in the Straits of Malacca, at the extremity of the peninsula of that name, upon which a British settlement was formed in 1819, under the direction of Sir Stamford Raffles, the lieute Total tonnage 130,629 Number of vessels importing in 1822 1,593 Drs. Value of imports in 1822. Dollars 2,597,975 3,610,206 2,044,871 3,172,332 1,127,461 6,782,538 1,713,634 Total dollars 8,496,172 SINCE, adv. & prep. Contracted from sithence, or sith thence, from Sax. ride. Because that; from the time that; before this: as a preposition, after. Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto this day? Numbers xxii. 30. Jesus Christ has purchased for us terms of reconciliation, who will accept of sincerity instead of perfection; but then this sincerity implies our honest endeavours to do our utmost. Rogers. The pleasures of sense, beasts taste sincere and pure always, without mixture or allay; without being distracted in the pursuit, or disquieted in the Atterbury. use of them. Animal substances differ from vegetable, in that, being reduced to ashes, they are perfectly insipid, and m that there is no sincere acid in any animal juice. Arbuthnot on Aliments. In English I would have all Gallicisms avoided, that our tongue may be sincere, and that we may keep to our own language. Felton on the Classicks. The more sincere you are, the better it will fare with you at the great day of account. In the mean while, give us leave to be sincere too, in condemning heartily what we heartily disapprove. Waterland. SINCLAIR (C. Gideon, baron), a Swedish general, who served in his youth in France, Prussia, and Saxony, and was subsequently engaged in various parts of Europe. He made himself known likewise by his writings and a profound acquaintance with military tactics. Among his works are Regulations for Infantry, still adopted in Sweden; and Military Institutions, or an elementary Treatise on Tactics, Deux Ponts, 1773, 3 vols. 8vo. Baron Sinclair died near Westeræs, in Sweden, September 1st, 1803, aged seventy-three. SINDE, or SINDHU, a considerable province of Hindostan, formerly included in that of Mooltan, and situated on both sides of the Indus, between 23° and 28° N. lat. The general boundaries, including Tatta, are Mooltan and Afghanistan on the north; Cutch and the sea to the south; on the east it has Ajmeer, the Sandy Desert, and Cutch; and on the west the sea, and the mountains of Baloochistan. In length it may be estimated at 300 miles, by eighty miles the average breadth, and is intersected in a diagonal line throughout its whole extent by the Indus. On the north it adjoins the country of Behawal Khan, and the fort of Subzul. Proceeding from thence south, the country is possessed by an infinite number of petty chiefs, in general tributary to the ameers of Sinde. The names of the principal districts on the east bank, proceeding from the north to the south, are Bhoongbaree, Durelee, Loheree, Khyrpoor, and Puhlanee. The boundaries of these distrcts are, the Sandy Desert and the country of Jesselmere to the east. Further south are the fort of Deenghur, forty miles from Khyrpoor, the districts of Koondeeyamy, Noushehree, Feroze, Puneeche, and Sudaya, Norudunya Kohinee, Koohjur, Juneejee, Lakat, Shadapoor, Halakundy, Novejanee, Kakabegaree (through which flows a branch of the Indus), Nussurua, Ropa, and Nusserpoor, and the Tandee of Illahyar Khan, from which Jesselmere is distant about 160 miles to the eastward. Of these districts the Sandy Desert forms the eastern boundaries. At the Tandee of Illahyar Khan, the branch of the Indus named the Fulalee commences, and flows in a south-west direction to Seid poor, when it rejoins the main stream, after forming the insular district of Killee, named also the Doabeh, the hills of Jaree and Canja, the fort of Hyderabad, with Seid poor and some other villages. On the eastern bank of the Fulalee is situated the district of Chuckurhalee. The Goonee, a branch of the Fulalee, takes its rise near the village of Seid poor; to the eastward of it is situated the district of Chachgam, which yielded, when possessed by the Calories, a revenue of four lacks of rupees, which is now reduced to two. Also the district of Koodara, villages of Buhna, Sayek poor, Dholee, and the district of Pulujar, and the islands of Wah and Alibukeer. These are bounded on the east by the Sandy Desert. The district of Khyrpoor is on a branch of the Goonee; the fort of Illyabad is ten miles distant, and Futtyghar forty miles distant from Khyrpoor. The fort of Parkur, situated on the borders of the Joudpoor territories, is 110 miles to the eastward of Hyderabad, Islampoor fifty miles from Khyrpoor,Alighur forty miles from Khyrpoor, and Shahgur, eighty miles from Khyrpoor. Amercote, now belonging to Joudpoor; the districts of Majur Jamee and Kitee, a fort on the borders of the Sandy Desert; the districts of Doka, Behrampoor, Ameerpoor, and Bhoondea. On the west bank of the Indus, Sinde is bounded on the north by the Shekarpoor district, of which a considerable portion of the southern quarter is held by the Sinde chiefs. Proceeding from thence south are the districts of Noushehra, Berkapoor, Khanua, Ladgoonee, Kumburgundee, Meil, Nalookshahpoor, Nalumedu, Chandye, formerly included in the province of Chandookee, which province, during the government of the Calories, is said to have yielded a revenue of sixteen lacks of rupees, now reduced to four. The villages of Eesan had Hoojree, the small district of Janee Duny, and an island formed by the Naree, a branch of the main stream, containing the districts of Nuggen Bhagban, Khodabad, Wuchoolee, Jamtanee, and Kurreempoor. The districts situated to the westward of the Naree are Kacha, Bhoobak, Jungar, Bazar; a hill, 100 miles from Corachie, besides numerous small villages, occupied by Baloochees, and other migratory tribes. The district of Tharn, from which Corachie is said to be sixty miles distant, is possessed by the Nomurdies, who have also half the district of Shal. The districts of Jurukhee, Sonda, and many smaller ones, are adjacent to Tatta. The Sita and its streams, and the Nusserpoor and Naree branches of the Indus, are said to be now dried up. A great part of this province, lying to the westward of the confines where the monsoon ceases, is a barren and totally unproductive soil, from the absence of moisture. Easterly from the meridian of 67° 40′, the land near to the Indus appears capable of the highest degree of improvement; but to the northward of Tatta, and a small distance to the westward of that river, the country is mountainous, rocky, and thinly inhabited. In June and July the thermometer ranges from 90° to 100°, but the air in the northern parts of Sirde is so pure, and so much refreshed by the cooling breezes from the westward, that the heat is not excessive. About Hyderabad the climate is healthy, and the air, in the month of August, remarkably clear, the difference of refraction in astronomical observations being then scarcely perceptible. The Indus, from Tatta to a branch called the Folicly, has from two to two and a half fathoms of water; off Tatta it has three, four, and more frequently five fathoms, with a muddy bottom. The banks in the province about Hyderabad are in general well cultivated, except where the Ameers have made enclosures to confine game; but these are so numerous and extensive as to occupy many of the most valuable spots of land. In the month of August the Indus has generally two and three fathoms of water, but during the fair season it is dried up. The Goonee is much the same as the Folicly, with respect to inhabitants and cultivation, but has less water on an average, being only from one fathom and a half to two fathoms. It is also much narrower, contracting in many places to thirty yards, and can only be termed navigable in the month of Au-. gust. The cultivation here depends on the periodical rains, and the process of irrigation by means of cauals and water-courses. During the swelling of the river, grain and other seeds are raised; the remainder of the year is employed in the production of indigo, sugar-canes, huldee, &c., &c. Every beegah of land, watered by a canal or wheel, pays a revenue of from one rupee and a quarter to three rupees and a half to the government: one wheel is capable of watering sixteen beegahs. A duty of one rupee is also levied on each khunwar (120 lbs.) of grain reaped by the farmer. The principal articles of home produce exported from Sinde are rice, ghee, hides, shark fins, pot-ash, salt-petre, asafœtida, b'dellium, madda, frankincense, Tatta cloths, horses, indigo, oleaginous, and other seeds. Alum, musk, and horses, are imported from Moultan, and the countries to the northward for re-exportation. The other imports into Sinde are tin, iron, lead, steel, ivory, European manufactures, sandal and other scented woods, from the south of India; swords and carpets from Khorasan and Candahar; silk and other articles from the Persian Gulf. The Mooltany merchants settled in Sinde are the principal traders, and the wealthiest part of the community. The exports from Sinde to Bombay are shark fins and flesh, b'dellium, ghee, pot-ash, saltpetre, hides, oil of sesame, wheat, asafoetida, mujeet, sirshif oil, raisins, almonds, coloring plants, pistachio flowers and nuts, shawls, cloths, mustard, wild saffron, black cummin seed from Kerman, white cummin seed, chintzes both from Sinde and Khorasan. The imports to Sinde from Bombay are white sugar, sugar-candy, steel, iron, tin, tutenague, lead, cochineal, betel nut, black pepper, dried cocoa nuts, vermilion, red lead, quicksilver, Bengal and China silks and cloths, cinnamon, cardamoms, cloves, nutmeg, sandal wood, ginger, chinaware, pearls, aloes, and amuttas. To Muscat are exported dressed leather, rice, wheat, sirshif oil, ghee, b'dellium, chintzes, and other cloths. The imports from Muscat to Sinde are dates, limes, roses, Ghilaun silk, elephants' teeth, pearls, almonds, preserved fruit, cowries, slaves, arsenic, senna from Mecca, quince seeds, and gum. The imports to Sinde from Cutch are cotton, snuff, unwrought iron found in Cutch, and the small Arabian aloe. The intercourse between this province and the countries to the northward is chiefly carried on by means of the Indus, which is navigable for small vessels to a great distance from the sea. There are no established land caravans from Sinde to Moultan and Cabul, but an intercourse is carried on by mer chants and travellers. The East India Company had formerly a factory, and carried on a considerable trade in the province of Sinde; but it was withdrawn, probably owing to the disorderly state and poverty of the country. An unsuccessful attempt was recently made by the Company from Bombay to renew the commercial in tercourse. ment. If either a denizen or a foreigner die, leaving a son or brother, his property devolves on them. If he leaves a wife with child, and the child prove a son, he succeeds to the property, otherwise it is seized for the state. A daughter only receives a certain allowance from her father's property; and a widow is merely entitled to her jewels, &c., or to a pecuniary compensation of The government of Sinde is a military despot-100 rupees. ism, vested in three brothers of the Talpoony family. The Mahometan inhabitants compose the military strength of the country; and, during the intervals of peace, are employed as husbandmen, artificers, and menial servants-the internal commerce of the country being almost exclusively carried on by the Hindoo part of the population. Although Sinde is now but scantily peopled, it appears, at some former period, to have been thickly settled and inhabited. The armies of Sinde are collected from the various tribes who hold lands by a military tenure from the Ameers. These tribes are reckoned forty-two in number; many of whom have retained their distinctive appellations since the first Mahometan invasion, and consisted principally of adventurers, who descended from the lofty mountains of Baloochistan into the plains of Sinde, with the exception of the Jokia and Jhut tribes, which are both of Sindean origin. On the whole, the Ameers can bring into the field an army of 35,000 men. The revenues, during the Calorie government, were estimated at eighty lacks of rupees per annum, but are now reduced, in consequence of the rapacity and ignorance of the present rulers, to forty-two lacks; from which should be deducted the Cabul tribute of twelve lacks, which is liable to be enforced should that state recover from the effects of its internal discord. After the death of Meer Futteh Ali, his surviving three brothers divided the territorial possessions and revenues; the eldest, Meer Gholaum Ali, receiving one-half as the ostensible head of the government, and being bound to defray the permanent, civil, and military expenses of the state. These charges, however, are inconsiderable, as, during a cessation of external hostilities, very few soldiers are retained. The revenues of Sinde are farmed to private persons; and the Ameers, with the view of creating competition, remove the farmers annually, and they, having consequently no interest in the improvement of the country, direct their attention to the realising the greatest possible profit within the period of their contract. In effecting this object they are guilty of many extortions. If a person, finding a thief in his house, use force to drive him away, and in the contest either is killed, no injury is made. It often happens that villages are attacked by thieves; if in the conflict any are killed, no enquiries are made; but if they are taken prisoners, and then put to death, the parties are subjected to trial. Thieves taken in a contest of this kind are brought before a magistrate, who examines the transaction, and compels them to restore the property, or imposes a heavy fine, which, if they are unable to pay, they suffer death. One-fourth of all property recovered belongs to the governVOL. XX. The men of Sinde are well made, of a middle size, and more robust than the more southern natives of India. Their complexions are very tawny, with dark eyes and eye-brows, and uncommonly good teeth; like the Seiks, they allow their hair to grow. The Mahometans are all Soonees, and most of them of the sect of Haneefee; but they have few religious prejudices, nor do their females suffer any strict seclusion. The dancing girls in Sinde are, in figure, manners, and appearance superior to those commonly seen in Hindostan. The Sinde province generally swarms with mendicants; here also, as in other Mahometan countries, are seen a class of sturdy beggars pretending to be Seids, or descendants of the prophet, who demand charity in the most insolent manner. They frequently go about soliciting alms in parties of seven or eight on horseback, well dressed, armed, and mounted, and having a green flag carried before them. When their demands are not gratified they bestow the most abusive language. Sinde was the first conquest in Hindostan effected by the Mahometans. It was accomplished under the khaliff Walid, by Mahommed Casim, in the year of the hegira 99; but, on account of the 'distance and the natural strength of the country, it did not long remain attached to the khaliphat. Subsequently to this there appears to have existed two contemporaneous authorities in Sinde; the one a Rajpoot family, and the other a Mahommedan. The Lomra, a Rajpoot race, are said to have retained possession for the long period of 500 years; after which it was occupied by different chiefs, one of whom, Mirza Eesau, of the Turkannee tribe, having called in the Portuguese to his assistance against the soubahdar of Mooltan, they plundered Tatta, then the seat of government. Sinde thus remained with the Turkannees until the reign of Acber, who succeeded in effecting its conquest; and from that era it became tributary to Delhi. About A. D. 1737, during the alarm excited by the threatened invasion of Hindostan, Mahommed Abassee Caloree, of Sewee, availed himself of the apprehensions of the soubahdar of Sinde, and influenced him to resign the government into his hands. In 1739 Nadir Shah defeated the Caloree chiefs, and obliged them to take refuge in Amercote on the borders of the desert, but he afterwards permitted them to resume the government as tributaries. The family was expelled in 1783, when the present dynasty succeeded. SINDIAH, or SCINDIA (Mahadjee), the son of a Mahratta chief, was born about 1743 at the court of the Peishwa, in Hindostan. He was at the battle of Panniput in 1761, and badly wounded and taken prisoner. Having made his escape, he took refuge in the Decan; when the Mahratias recovered Malwa, some years after, he 2 D was restored to his patrimonial territory, and his ambition prompted him to aspire to sovereign power. In 1770 ne, in concert with Holkar, invaded Hindostan, when he made himself master of Delhi, and obtained the tutelage of the nominal emperor Shah Aulum. He now attacked the Rohillas, who were supported by ShujahDoulah and the English; and this contest was terminated by the treaty of 1782. After this he pursued his ambitious projects; and in 1785 made himself a second time master of Delhi. He also took Agra, where he established a cannon foundry; and was the first Indian prince who possessed troops trained to the European discipline. He had taken into his service Leborgne de Boigne, a Frenchman, to whose talents and courage he was much indebted; and it was this officer who, at the head of an army of Mahrattas and Moguls, gained the battle of Patan in June 1790. Sindiah was called a third time to Delhi, to the assistance of Shah Aulum, who had been deposed and cruelly treated by a rebel: the Mahratta prince restored him to the title of sovereignty, reserving to himself the imperial power. In 1791 he returned to the Decan, where he endeavoured to obtain the office of minister of the Peishwa, who was a minor; but was disappointed. He seems to have conceived ambitious designs of much greater importance, frustrated by his sudden death in 1794. He was succeeded by his nephew Dowla Rao Sindiah. SIN'DON, n. s. Latin, sindon. A fold; a wrapper. There were found a book and a letter, both written in fine parchment, and wrapped in sindons of linen. Bacon. SINE, n. s. Lat. sinus. A line drawn from one end of an arch perpendicularly upon the diameter drawn from the other end of that arch. See below. Whatever inclinations the rays have to the plane of incidence, the sine of the angle of incidence of every ray, considered apart, shall have to the sine of the angle of refraction a constant ratio. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles. SINE, OF RIGHT SINE OF AN ARCH, in trigonometry. See GEOMETRY and TRIGONOMETRY. SINE ASSENSU CAPITULI, in ecclesiastical law, a writ where a bishop, dean, prebendary, or master of an hospital, aliens the lands holden in right of his bishopric, deanery, house, &c., without the assent of the chapter, or fraternity; in which case his successor shall have this writ: and if a bishop or prebendary be disseised, and afterwards he releaseth to the disseisor, this is an alienation, upon which may be brought a writ De sine assensu capituli: but the successor may enter upon the disseisor, if he doth not die seised, notwithstanding the release of his predecessor; for, by the release, no more passeth than he may rightfully release. A person may also have this writ of lands upon demises of several predecessors, &c. SINE DIE, in English law, is when judgment is given against the plaintiff, and for the defendant, when it is said, eat inde sine die; i. e. he is dismissed the court. The phrase is also used in parliament for the adjournment of a question indefinitely. SI'NECURE, n. s. Lat. sine, without, and cura, care. An office which has revenue without employment. A sinecure is a benefice witbout cure of souls. No simony nor sinecure were known, SINECURES, in ecclesiastical law, are benefices, without cure of souls. Their original was as follows:-The rector (with proper consent) had a power to entitle a vicar in his church to officiate under him; and this was often done: and by this means two persons were instituted to the same church and both to the cure of souls, and both did actually officiate. So that however the rectors of sinecures, by having been long excused from residence, are in common opinion discharged from the cure of souls (which is the reason of the name), and however the cure is said in the law books to be in them habitualiter only; yet in strictness, and with regard to their original institution, the cure is in them actualiter, as much as it is in the vicar. Gibs. 719, Johns. 85. That is to say, where they come in by institution; but, if the rectory is a donative, the case is otherwise: for then, coming in by donation, they have not the cure of souls committed to them. And these are most properly sinecures, according to the genuine signification of the word. Johns. 85. No church where there is but one incumbent can properly be a sinecure: and, though the church being down, or the parish being become destitute of parishioners, the incumbent may be thereby necessarily acquitted from the actual performance of public duty, yet he is still under an obligation to do it, whenever a church shall be built, and there is a competent number of inhabitants; and, in the mean while, if the church be presentative, as most of such churches are, the incumbent is instituted into the cure of souls. Such benefices are rather depopulations than sinecures; and it will be proper for the new incumbent to read the thirty-nine articles, and the liturgy, in the church-yard, &c., and to do whatever other incumbents usually do. But a rectory, or portion of it, may properly be a sinecure, if there be a vicar under the rector endowed and charged with the cure; in which case it does not come within the statute of pluralities, 21 Henry VIII. c. 13. Here, therefore, no dispensation is necessary to hold the sinecure with a former living; nor need the incumbent read the articles, or divine service, as required by 13 Eliz. c. 12, which extends only to a benefice with cure. A sinecure donative wants no institution and induction, but one presentative must have both, especially if it consist in glebe and tithes, and not in a portion of money. By the above mentioned statute (21 Henry VIII.), not only prebends, and rectories with vicarages endowed, but deaneries and archdeaconries are declared to le benefices without cure. SIN'EW, n. s. & v. a. Sax. renpe; Belg. SIN'EWED, adj. senewen; Goth. sina. SIN'EWY. A tendon; ligament; muscle; strength: to knit by sinews: obsolete: sinewed and sinewy signify furnished with sinews, nervous: strong. Her knight was feeble, and to faint, And all his sinewes waxen weake and raw, Through long enprisonment and hard constraint. Spenser. Faerie Queene. |