an edition in 1744 in 6 vols. 4to. Dr. Warburton's 8vo. edition came out in 1747 in 8 vols., for which he was paid £560. The editions published since that time are Dr. Johnson's in 1765 in 8 vols. 8vo.; Steven's in 1766 in 4 vols. 8vo.; Capell's in 1768 in 10 vols. crown 8vo., for this the author was paid £300. A second edition of Hanmer's in 1771 in 6 vols.; Johnson's and Stevens's in 1773 in 10 vols. 8vo.; a second edition in 1778; a third by Reed in 1785; and Malone's crown 8vo. edition in 1789 in 10 vols. The most authentic of the old editions is that of 1623. At last,' says Dr. Johnson, an edition was undertaken by Rowe; not because a poet was to be published by a poet, for Rowe seems to have thought very little on correction or explanation, but that our author's works might appear like those of his fraternity, with the appendages of a life and recommendatory preface. Rowe has been clamorously blamed for not performing what he did not undertake, and it is time that justice be done him, by confessing, that though he seems to have had no thought of correction beyond the printer's errors, yet he has made many emendations, if they were not made before, which his successors have received without acknowledgment, and which, if they had produced them, would have filled pages with censures of the stupidity by which the faults were committed, with displays of the absurdities which they involved, with ostentatious expositions of the new reading, and self-congratulations on the happiness of discovering it. The nation had been for many years content with Mr. Rowe's performance, when Mr. Pope made them acquainted with the true state of Shakspeare's text, showed that it was extremely corrupt, and gave reason to hope that there were means of reforming it. Mr. Pope's edition, however, he observes, fell below his own expectations; and he was so much offended, when he was found to have left any thing for others to do, that he passed the latter part of his life in a state of hostility with verbal criticisms. The only task, in the opinion of Mr. Malone, for which Pope was eminently and indisputably qualified, was to mark the faults and beauties of his author. When he undertook the office of a commentator, every anomaly of language, and every expression that was not currently in use, were considered as errors or corruptions, and the text was altered or amended, as it was called, at pleasure. Pope is openly charged with being one of the great corrupters of Shakspeare's text. Pope was succeeded by Theobald, who collated the ancient copies, and rectified many errors. He was, however, a man of narrow comprehension and of little learning; and, what is worse, in his reports of copies and editions, he is not to be trusted without examination. From the liberties taken by Pope, the edition of Theobald was justly preferred, because he professed to adhere to the ancient copies more strictly, and illustrated a few passages by extracts from the writers of our poet's age. Still, however, he was a considerable innovator; and, while a few arbitrary changes made by Pope were detected, innumerable sophistications were silently adopted. Sir Thomas Hanmer, who comes next, was a man of critical

abilities, and of extensive learning. His corrections are commonly just, but sometimes capricious. He is censurable, too, for receiving without examination almost all the innovations of Pope. The original and predominant error of Warburton's commentary is acquiescence in his first thoughts; that precipitation which is produced by consciousness of quick discernment; and that confidence which presumes to do, by surveying the surface, what labor only can perform by penetrating to the bottom. His notes exhibit sometimes perverse interpretations, and sometimes improbable conjectures; he at one time gives the author more profundity of meaning than the sentence admits, and at another discovers absurdities where the sense is plain to every other reader. But his emendations are likewise often happy and just; and his interpretation of obscure passages learned and sagacious. It has indeed been said by his defenders, that his great object was to display his own learning; and certainly, in spite of the clamor raised against him for substituting his own chimerical conceits instead of the genuine text of Shakspeare, his work increased his reputation. But as it is of little value as a commentary on Shakspeare, since Warburton is now gone, his work will probably sink into oblivion. In 1765 Dr. Johnson's edition, which had long been impatiently expected, was given to the public. His vigorous and comprehensive understanding threw more light on his author than all his predecessors had done. The character which he gave of each play is generally just. His refutation of the false glosses of Theobald and Warburton, and his numerous explications of involved and difficult passages, entitle him to the gratitude of every admirer of Shakspeare. The last editor'is Mr. Malone, who was eight years employed in preparing his edition. By collating the most authentic copies, he has been careful to purify the text. He has been so industrious to discover the meaning of the author, that he has ransacked many volumes, and trusts that, besides his additional illustrations, not a single valuable explication of any obscure passage in these plays has ever appeared which he has not inserted in his edition. He rejects Titus Andronicus, as well as the three plays formerly mentioned, as not being the authentic productions of Shakspeare. To the whole he has added an appendix, and a copious glossary. Of this work a less expensive edition has been published in 7 vols. 12mo., in which the general introductory observations prefixed to the different plays are preserved, and the numerous notes abridged. This judicious commentator has certainly done more for the elucidation and correction of Shakspeare than all who came before him, and has followed with indefatigable patience the only road which a commentator of Shakspeare ought to observe. Within fifty years after our poet's death, Dryden says that he was become a little obsolete;' and in the beginning of the eighteenth century lord Shaftesbury complains of his rude unpolished style, and his antiquated phrase and wit. These complaints were owing to the great revolution which the English language has undergone, and to the want of an enlightened com

mentator. These complaints are now removed,
for an enlightened commentator has been found
in Mr. Malone. In 1790 a copious index to
the remarkable passages and words in the plays
of Shakspeare was published by the Rev. Mr.
Ayscough, a gentleman to whom the literary
world is much indebted for several very valuable
keys of knowledge. In fine, the admirers of
Shakspeare are now furnished with every help
that can enable them to understand the sense
and to taste the beauties of this illustrious poet.
SHALE, n. s. Sax. rcala. A husk; the
case of seeds in siliquous plants.
Behold yon poor and starved band,

And
fair shew shall suck away their souls,
your
Leaving them but the shales and husks of men.

Shakspeare.

SHALE, in the old system of mineralogy, a species of schistus. It is a black slaty substance, or a clay hardened into a stony consistence, and so much impregnated with bitumen that it becomes somewhat like coal. The acid emitted from shale, during its calcination, uniting itself to the argillaceous earth of the shale, forms alum. About 120 tons of calcined shale will make one ton of alum. The shale, after being calcined, is steeped in water, by which means the alum, which is formed during the calcination of the shale, is dissolved: this dissolved alum undergoes various operations before it is formed into the alum of the shops. Watson's Chemical Essays, vol. ii. p. 315. See ALUM. This kind of slate forms large strata in Derbyshire. It is found in large strata, generally above the coal, in most coal counties of this kingdom. Dr. Short says that the shale wastes the lead ore near it, by its strong acid; and that it corrodes and destroys all minerals near it, except iron or coal, of whose vitriol it partakes.

SHALL, verb defect. Sax. rceal. I owe, or I ought. In Chaucer, the faithe I shall to God, means the faith I owe to God: thence it became a sign of the future tense. It has no tenses but shall future, and should imperfect.

It is a mind that shall remain. -Shall remain !

Hear you this triton of the minnows? Mark you An absolute shall? Shakspeare. Coriolanus. Some praises come of good wishes and respects, when, by telling men what they are, they represent to them what they should be. Bacon.

There is a fabulous narration that in the northern

countries there should be an herb that groweth in the likeness of a lamb, and feedeth upon the grass. Bacon's Natural History. Let not a desperate action more engage you Than safety should. Ben Jonson's Catiline.

That he shall receive no benefit from Christ is the

affirmation where all his despair is founded: and the one way of removing this dismal apprehension is, to convince him that Christ's death, and the benefits thereof, either do, or, if he perform the condition required of him, shall certainly belong to him.

Hammond's Fundamentals. To do thee honour I will shed their blood, Which the just laws, if I were faultless, should. Wuller.

See Romulus the great: This prince a priestess of your blood shall bear; And, like his sire, in arms he shall appear. Dryden's Eneid.

So subjects love just kings, or so they should. Dryden.

The girls look upon their father as a clown, and the boys think their mother no better than she should

be. Addison. I conclude that tidings are not as they should be. Swift. SHALLOON, n. s. From Chalons, in France. A slight woollen stuff.

In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad, And Scipio trail an Irish purple plaid. Swift. SHAL'LOP, n. s. Fr. chaloupe. A small

boat.

You were resolved, after your arrival into Oroonoque, to pass to the mine; and, to that end, you desired to have Sir John Fearne's shallop: I do not allow of that course, because ye cannot land so secretly but that some Indians on the river side may discover you, who giving knowledge of your passage to the Spaniards, you may be cut off before you can recover your boat. Raleigh.

Our hero set

In a small shallop, fortune in his debt. Waller. A SHALLOP, or SLOOP, is a small light vessel, with only a small main-mast, and fore-mast, and lug-sails, to hale up, and let down, on occasion. Shallops are commonly good sailers, and are therefore often used as tenders upon men of

war.

SHALLOW, adj. & n. s.
SHALLOW BRAIN, adj.
SHALLOW LY, adv.
SHALLOW'NESS, n. s.

Probably compounded of shoal and low. Johnson. From Goth. sigu la, to sink low.-Thomson. Not deep; having the bottom at no great distance from the surface: not intellectually deep; not profound; not deep of sound: the noun substantive and adverb corresponding.

This is a very shallow monster, The man i' th' moon! Afraid of him? A very shallow monster, A most poor credulous monShakspeare.

ster.

I had been drowned, but that the shore was shelvy and shallow; a death that I abhor.

Id. Merry Wives of Windsor.

I should not see the sandy hour-glass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats;
And see my wealthy Andrew docked in sand,
Veiling her high top lower than her ribs.
To kiss her burial.

Id. CoriolanuS. Most shallowly did you these arms commence, Fondly brought here, and foolishly sent hence.

Shakspeare.

tised, as not to perceive the intention of the French The king was neither so shallow nor so ill adverking, for the investing himself of Britaigne.

Id. Henry VII. A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel. Id. Natural History.

If a virginal were made with a double concave, the one all the length of the virginal, and the other at the end of the strings, as the harp hath, it must make the sound perfecter, and not so shallow and jarring. Bacon.

The load lieth open on the grass, or but shallowly covered. Carew.

Having but newly left those grammatic flats and shallows, where they stuck unreasonably, to learn a few words with lamentable construction, and now on the sudden transported, to be tossed with their unballasted wits in fathomless and unquiet deeps of controversy, they do grow into hatred of learning. Milton.

Uncertain and unsettled he remains, Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself. Id. I am made a shallow forded stream,

Seen to the bottom: all my clearness scorned,
And all my faults exposed. Dryden's All for Love.
Shallow brooks, that flowed so clear,

The bottom did the top appear.
He sounds and fathoms him to find
The shallows of his soul.

Dryden.
Id. Spanish Fryar.
Three more fierce Eurus in his angry mood
Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand,
And in mid ocean left them moored a-land.

It cannot but be matter of just indignation to all good men, to see a company of lewd shallow-brained huffs making atheism, and contempt of religion, the sole badge of wit. South.

One would no more wonder to see the most shallow nation of Europe the most vain, than to find the most empty fellows of every nation more conceited than the rest. Addison.

The sea could not be much narrower than it is, without a great loss to the world; and must we now have an ocean of mere flats and shallows, to the utter ruin of navigation? Bentley.

The like opinion he held of Meotis Palus, that by the floods of Tanais, and the earth brought down thereby, it grew observably shallower in his days, and would in process of time become a firm land.

Browne's Vulgar Errours. SHALM, n. s. Germ. shelm; Teut. schemme. A kind of musical pipe.

Every captain was commanded to have his soldiers in readiness to set forward upon the sign given, which was by the sound of a shalm or hoboy.

Knolles's History of the Turks. SHAM, v. n., n. s., & adj. Welsh shommi, to cheat. To trick; cheat; fool with a fraud: a low word: the derivatives corresponding.

Men tender in point of honour, and yet with little regard to truth, are sooner wrought upon by shame than by conscience, when they find themselves fooled and shammed into a conviction. L'Estrange.

We must have a care that we do not, for want of laying things and things together, sham fallacies upon the world for current reason. Id

That in the sacred temple needs would try Without a fire the' unheated gums to fry. Believe who will the solemn sham, not I. Addison. Then all your wits that fleer and sham, Down from Don Quixote to Tom Tram, From whom I jests and puns purloin, And slily put them off for mine, Fond to be thought a country wit. Never join the fray,

Prior.

Gay.

Where the sham quarrel interrupts the way. SHAMAMS are wizards or conjurers, in high repute among several idolatrous nations inhabiting different parts of Russia. By their enchantments they pretend to cure diseases, to divert misfortunes, and to foretel futurity. They are great observers of dreams, by the interpretation of which they judge of their good or bad fortune. They pretend likewise to chiromancy, and to foretel a man's good or ill success by the lines of his hand. By these and such like tricks they have a very great ascendency over the understandings, and a great influence on the conduct, of those people

SHAM'BLES, n. s. Of uncertain etymology; Ital, scannaglia.--Johnson : or Lat. scamni macelli. The place where butchers kill or sell their meat; a butchery.

Far be the thoughts of this from Henry's heart, To make a shambles of the parliament-house. Shakspeare. Henry VI.

I hope my noble lord esteems me honest, —Oh, ay, as summer flies are in the shambles, That quicken even with blowing. Id. Othello.

He warned a flock of sheep, that were driving to the shambles, of their danger; and, upon uttering some sounds, they all fled.

Arbuthnot.

When the person is made the jest of the mob, or his back the shambles of the executioner, there is no more conviction in the one than in the other.

Watts.

SHAMBLES, among miners, a sort of niches or of the mines that the shovel-men may conlanding places, left at such distances in the adits shamble till it comes to the top of the mine. veniently throw up the ore from shamble to

SHAM'BLING, adj. See SCAMBLING. Moving awkwardly and irregularly. A low bad word.

By that shambling in his walk, it should be my rich banker, Gomez, whom I knew at Barcelona. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

So when nurse Nokes to act young Ammon tries, With shambling legs, long chin, and foolish eyes, With dangling hands he strokes the' imperial robe, And with a cuckold's air commands the globe.

SHAME, n. s., v. a. & v. n.`
SHAME FACED, adj.
SHAME FACEDLY, adv.
SHAME FACEDNESS, n. s.
SHAMEFUL, adj.
SHAMEFULLY, adv.
SHAMELESS, adj.
SHAMELESSLY, adv.
SHAMELESSNESS, n. s.

Smith.

proach to shame is, to make ashamed; disgrace; to be ashamed: shamefaced, modest; bashful; easily discountenanced: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding: shameful is, disgraceful; infamous; ignominious; raising shame the adverb corresponding: shameless is, devoid of shame; impudent; audacious: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding.

:

The king to day, as one of the vain fellows, shamelessly uncovereth himself. 2 Samuel vi. 20.

A foul shame is upon the thief. Ecclus. v. 14. Would she shamefully fail in the last act in this contrivance of the nature of man? More.

Philoclea, who blushing, and withal smiling, making shamefacedness pleasing, and pleasure shumefaced, tenderly moved her feet, unwonted to feel the naked ground. Sidney.

Lamenting sorrow did in darkness lie, And shame his ugly face did hide from living eye. Spenser.

Id.

Great shame it is, thing so divine in view, Made for to be the world's most ornament, To make the bait her gazers to embrew; Good shames to be to ill an instrument. She is the fountain of your modesty ; You shamefaced are, but shamefacedness itself is she. Faerie Queene.

None but that saw, quoth he, would ween for truth,

Id.

How shamefully that maid he did torment.
This all through that great prince's pride did fall,
And came to shameful end.
Id.

Peace, peace, for shame, if not for charity.
-Urge neither charity nor shame to me:
Uncharitably with me have you dealt,
And shamefully my hopes by you are butchered:
My charity is outrage, life my shame ;
And in my shame still lives my sorrows' rage.
Shakspeare. Richard III.
To tell thee of whom derived,
Were shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not
shameless.
Shakspeare.

If thou hast power to raise him, bring him hither, And I've power to shame him hence:

Oh, while you live, tell truth and shame the devil.

Id.

Id. Dufresnoy.

A man may be shamefaced, and a woman modest, to the degree of scandalous. L'Estrange.

In the schools men are allowed, without shame, to deny the agreement of ideas; or, out of the schools, from thence have learned, without shame, to deny the connection of ideas. Locke.

Were there but one righteous man in the world, he would hold up his head with confidence and honour; he would shame the world, and not the world him. South. God deliver the world from such guides, who are the shame of religion.

Id.

Those who are ready enough to confess him, both in judgment and profession, are, for the most part, very prone to deny him shamefully in their doings. Id. Sermons.

God deliver the world from such hucksters of souls, the very shame of religion, and the shameless subverters of morality. Id.

From this time we may date that remarkable turn in the behaviour of our fashionable Englishmen, that makes them shamefaced in the exercise of those duties which they were sent into the world to perform. Addison's Freeholder.

His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat; for he returned to Carthage with only one ship, having fled without striking one stroke. Arbuthnot.

O shame to manhood! shall one daring boy The scheme of all our happiness destroy? Pope's Odyssey. Who shames a scribbler, breaks a cobweb through: He spins the slight self-pleasing thread anew. Pope. Such shameless bards we have; and yet, 'tis true, There are as mad, abandoned criticks too.

Id.

The knave of diamonds tries his wily arts, And wins, O shameful chance! the queen of hearts.

Id.

But that effeminacy, folly, lust, Enervate and enfeeble, and needs must; And that a nation shamefully debased Will be despised and trampled on at last, Unless sweet Penitence her powers renew, Is truth if history itself be true. Cowper.

SHAMGAR, the son of Anath, the third judge of Israel after Joshua. He delivered his country from the yoke of the Philistines, and slew 600 of them with an ox-goad, about A. M. 2657. See ISRAEL.

SHAMMAH, the Israel, under David.

25. 33.

name of three heroes of See 2 Sam. xxiii. 11-17,

I'll bring thee

To clustering filberds, and sometimes I'll get thee Young shamois from the rocks. Shakspeare.

SHAMOIS, in zoology. See CAPRA. SHAMOIS, CHAMOIS, or SHAMMY, in commerce, a kind of leather, either dressed in oil or tanned, much esteemed for its softness, pliancy, &c. It is prepared from the skin of the chamois or shamois, a kind of rupicapra, or wild goat, called also isard, inhabiting the mountains of the ci-devant French and Italian provinces of Dauphiny, Savoy, Piedmont, and the Pyrenees. Besides the softness and warmth of the leather, it has the faculty of bearing soap without damage; which renders it very useful on many accounts. In France, &c., some wear the skin raw, without any preparation. Shammy leather is used for the purifying of mercury, which is done by passing it through the pores of this skin, which are very close. The true chamois leather is counterfeited with common goat, kid, and even with sheep skins, the practice of which makes a particular profession, called by the French chamoisure. The last, though the least esteemed, is yet so popular, and such vast quantities of it are prepared, especially about Orleans, Marseilles, and Thoulouse, that it may not be amiss to give the method of preparation.

The skins, being washed, drained, and smeared over with quick-lime on the fleshy side, are folded in two lengthwise, the wool outwards, and laid on heaps, and so left to ferment eight days, or, if they have been left to dry after flaying, then fifteen days. Then they are washed out, drained, and half dried; laid on a wooden leg, or horse, the wool stripped off with a round staff for that purpose, and laid in a weak pit, the lime whereof had been used before, and has lost the greatest part of its force. After twenty-four hours they are taken out, and left to drain twentyfour more; they are then put in another stronger pit. This done, they are taken out, drained, and put in again, by turns; which begins to dispose them to take oil; and this practice they continue for six weeks in summer or three months in winter: at the end whereof they are washed out, laid on the wooden leg, and the surface of the skin on the wool side peeled off, to render them the softer; then made into parcels, steeped a night in the river, in winter more, stretched six or seven over one another on the wooden leg, and the knife passed strongly on the flesh side, to take off any thing superfluous, and render the skin smooth. Then they are steeped as before, in the river, and the same operation is repeated on the wool side; they are then thrown into a tub of water, with bran in it, which is brewed among the skins till the greatest part sticks to them, and then separated into distinct tubs, till they swell, and rise of themselves above the water. By this means the remains of the lime are cleared out; they are then wrung out, hung up to dry on ropes, and sent to the mill, with the quantity of oil necessary to scour them: the best oil is that of stock-fish. Here they are first thrown in bundles into the river for twelve hours, then laid in the mill-trough, and fulled without

hand, one by one, and thus formed into parcels of four skins each; which are milled and dried on cords a second time; then a third; and then oiled again and dried. This process is repeated as often as necessary; when done, if there be any moisture remaining, they are dried in a stove, and made up into parcels wrapped up in wool; after some time they are opened to the air, but wrapped up again as before, till such time as the oil seems to have lost all its force, which it ordinarily does in twenty-four hours. The skins are then returned from the mill to the chamoiser to be scoured: which is done by putting them in a lixivium of wood-ashes, working and beating them in it with poles, and leaving them to steep till the ley hath had its effect: then they are wrung out, steeped in another lixivium, wrung again; and this is repeated till all the grease and oil be purged out. When this is done, they are half dried, and passed over a sharp-edged iron instrument, placed perpendicular in a block, which opens, softens, and makes them gentle. Lastly, they are thoroughly dried, and passed over the same instrument again; which finishes the preparation, and leaves them in form of shammy. Kid and goat skins are shamoised in the same manner as those of sheep, excepting that the hair is taken off without the use of any lime; and that, when brought from the mill, they undergo a particular preparation called ramalling, more delicate and difficult than the others. It consists in this, that, as soon as brought from the mill, they are steeped in a fit lixivium, taken out, stretched on a round wooden leg, and the hair is scraped off with the knife; this makes them smooth, and, in working, to cast a kind of fine knap. The difficulty is in scraping them evenly.

SHAMROCK, n. s. Irish scam rag. The Irish name for three-leaved grass.

If they found a plot of watercresses or shamrocks, there they flocked as to a feast for the time.

Spenser on Ireland.

SHANGALLA, a race of negroes, on the northern frontier of Abyssinia, particularly_on the lower part of the Mareb and Tacazze. The tract which they occupy consists of a belt varying in breadth, though averaging about forty miles. It is entirely covered with almost impenetrable forests, fit only for the production of wild animals. The Shangalla are complete savages, who go naked, neither sow nor plant, and have no ixed habitations. During the dry part of the year they live under the shade of trees, the lowest branches of which they cut near the stem, on the upper part, planting the ends of the branches in the earth. Having then covered them with the skins of beasts, and cut away the interior branches, they form a spacious pavilion, which, at a distance appears like a tent, the trunk serving for the pole, the top overshadowing it. During this season every tree is a house, peopled by a family. In the rainy season the soil dissolves completely into mire, and it is no longer possible to live above ground. The Shangalla then seek their winter quarters in caves of the mountains, which are of a soft gritty sandstone, easily excavated. Here they live upon the