line. In 1242 William Longue Epée, grandson of Henry II., to whose family the earldom of Salisbury had passed by marriage with the heiress of D'Evreux, died without heirs. In 1242 the De Newburghs, Earls of Warwick, became extinct in the male line. In 1243 the D'Albinis, Earls of Arundel, became extinct in the male line. In 1245 the earldom of Chester lapsed to the crown. In 1245 the Marshalls, Earls In 1260 the line of the Earls

of Pembroke, became extinct.

of Albemarle and Holderness became extinct.

The De Quincys, Earls of Winchester in 1207, became extinct in the male line in 1264.

In 1267 the earldom of Ferrers, Earl of Derby, was granted to Edmund, son of Henry III., in whose favour the new earldom of Lancaster was erected.

The heiress of the Beaumonts of Leicester had married the elder Simon de Montfort, who became Earl of Leicester, and after the battle of Evesham, the earldom of Leicester also was bestowed upon Edmund, son of the king.

The more important baronage existing in Henry III.'s reign, who continued to hold their earldoms or lordships later, were as follows:

De Warennes, Earls of Surrey, till 1347.

De Bohuns, Earls of Hereford, Essex, and later of Northampton, till 1371.

De Clares, Earls of Gloucester and Hertford, till 1314.

Lacys, Earls of Lincoln, till 1312.

By the marriage of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster, with the heiress of the Lacys, this earldom was also merged in the great earldom of Lancaster.

*De Dreux, Earls of Richmond, till 1235, again from 1268 till 1330.

*The earldom of Richmond was bestowed upon the Duke of Britanny by William I. It was held by the successive husbands of Constance, was forfeited in 1235 and restored in 1268, and was held by two De Montforts after the extinction of the house of De Dreux, from 1341

De Valences, Earls of Pembroke, till 1323.
Bigods, Earls of Norfolk till 1305.

De Veres, Earls of Oxford, till 1703.
Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick, till 1449.
De Vescis, Lords of Alnwick, till 1297.
Fitzwalters, till 1432.

De Ros, fell into abeyance in 1508.

Mortimers, Lords of Chirk and Wigmore, Earls of March in 1327 till 1424.

Baliols, Lords of Biwell in Northumberland, and of many other lordships in England, and Lords of Galloway in Scotland, till 1363.

Bruces, Lords of Skelton and Gisburn, and Earls of Carrick in Scotland. Merged in the Scotch Royal Family.

Hastings, Lords of Abergavenny, Earls of Pembroke in 1339 till 1390.

In the reign of Edward I., and in the next century, the Fitz-Alans became Earls of Arundel from 1289-1579.

Montacutes, Earls of Salisbury, 1333-1428.
Courtenays, Earls of Devon, 1335-1556.

Staffords, Earls of Stafford, 1351-1521, and Dukes of Buckingham, 1444-1521.

Hollands, Earls of Kent, 1353-1407.

Percys, Earls of Northumberland, 1377.

Mowbrays, Earls of Nottingham, 1377, and Dukes of Norfolk, 1397-1475.

De la Poles, Earls, afterwards Dukes of Suffolk, 1385-1513. Hollands, Earls of Huntingdon, afterwards Dukes of Exeter, 1388-1461.

Beauforts, Earls, afterwards Dukes of Somerset, 1396-1471. Nevilles, Earls of Westmoreland, 1398-1569.

Beaufort, Earl of Dorset and Duke of Exeter, 1412-1417.

to 1345 and 1372 to 1384, when it was forfeited. The second De Montfort was restored in 1398, but died 1399, when the earldom passed first to the Earl of Westmoreland, and on his death to the royal family.

E

To these may be added as being almost as closely connected with English history—

Dunbars, Earls of March and Dunbar, 1068-1434.

Douglasses, Earls of Douglas, 1356-1455, and, a younger branch, Earls of Angus, 1389-1761.

The manors and castles of an earl are not by any means to be certainly found in the county from which his title is taken, though this is more generally the case the earlier the date of his title.

Two great groups of territorial distribution, however, may be noticed, the northern Barons, Mowbray, Lacy, De Vesci, De Ros, Percy, Neville, Baliol, Bruce; the Lords on the Welsh Marches, Chester, De Clare, Marshall, De Bohun, Mortimer, Hastings.

Many Barons in the North held land in England and Scotland, and it was almost accidental that Bruce, Baliol, Douglas, Dunbar, became names connected specially with Scotland, while Percy and De Vesci became English entirely.

EDWARD I. 1272-1307

Married, first, Eleanor of Castile; second, Margaret of France.

DOMINIONS

On his father's death he was acknowledged king in his absence; his regnal years are dated from four days after his father's death. In 1277 he annexed all Wales, except the district of Snowdon and Anglesea, directly to the Crown; and in 1283 he completely annexed the whole country. Wales, however, was not divided into counties, nor completely incorporated with England. Sheriffs were appointed to certain districts, but the jurisdiction of the Lords Marchers was continued in others, though the numerous royal castles erected in Wales served as a check upon their power, as well as upon the disaffection of the Welsh, In 1301 the principality of

Wales was granted to the king's eldest son.* In 1292 Baliol did full feudal homage to Edward for the kingdom of Scotland, in accordance with the submission made by the principal nobility in the previous year; in 1296 Baliol surrendered his throne to Edward; in 1305 regulations were made for the practical union of Scotland with England, but while the capture of Wallace in that year closed the movement for local independence, the coronation of Robert Bruce, in 1306, opened a new contest of baronial and local opposition combined, which gathered strength till, in league with the baronial opposition in England, it resulted in the complete independence of Scotland, in 1328, under Edward III.

In 1279 Edward obtained possession of Ponthieu in right of his wife Eleanor, whose mother was Jeanne de Ponthieu, and in the same year he formally renounced all claim to Normandy.

In 1294 the French seized Guienne and Gascony, but in 1296 Bordeaux was recovered, and in 1303 Edward by treaty resumed possession of the provinces as they were at his

accession.

WARS

In 1277 and 1282 Edward was employed in warfare in Wales. In 1287 a rising in Wales was put down. In 1293 disputes began with France, and a naval victory was won by the men of the Cinque Ports over the Norman sailors off St. Mahé, in Brittany. It was the chief incident in a quarrel which may be said to have begun the great wars between England and France, which lasted 160 years, with intervals. In 1294-95 there were renewed troubles in Wales, and the Scotch baronage in alliance with France began to refuse obedience to Edward, and hostilities commenced, which lasted for the rest of this reign and the next. In 1296 the Scots were defeated by Earl de Warenne near Dunbar, and the

* Except on two occasions under Edward II. Wales was not represented in Parliament till Henry VIII.'s reign.

monarchy of Baliol brought to an end. In 1297 Wallace defeated the Earl de Warenne at Stirling, but in 1298 the king completely defeated Wallace at Falkirk, and ruined his influence. In 1306 the Earl of Pembroke defeated Bruce at Methven.

Archbishops.

OFFICIALS

Robert Kilwardby, 1273, resigned 1278; John Peckham, 1279-1292; Robert Winchelsey, 1294.

Chancellors.-Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester, 1272; Robert Burnell, afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1273– 1292; John Langton, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, 1292-1302; William Greenfield, afterwards Archbishop of York, 1302-1304; William of Hamilton, 1304-1307; Ralph Baldock, Bishop of London, 1307.

With the resolution of the King's Court into the three judicial branches, the King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, a division dating from Edward's reign, the political importance of the justices ceases. Hubert de Burgh had been, in fact, the last great political Justiciar, with the exception of De Montfort in 1265, who was powerful for other reasons, not because he was Justiciar. Though the Chancellor about this same time began to preside over a court of equity, he became generally from this period the nearest approach to a Prime Minister. Robert Burnell is, perhaps, the first great political Chancellor. After his death Walter Langton, Bishop of Lichfield, the Treasurer, 1295-1307, was one of Edward's chief ministers. Such ministers are recorded here henceforward for their personal importance, not necessarily for their office, various offices being held at different times by the most influential men.

ACTS AND DOCUMENTS

In the time of Edward, Parliament, Convocation, the Law Courts, assumed the definite forms in which they have existed, with slight modification ever since; and his reign may be