tutional History forms the best guide to that side of the Norman Conquest and its effects. His conclusions, however, should be compared with those of Gneist in the History of the English Constitution. For the Domesday Survey the student may consult Sir H. Ellis's Introduction to Domesday, and the Appendices on Domesday in Freeman's Norman Conquest, vol. v. AUTHORS For the general history of the reign Freeman's The Norman Conquest, vol. iv., supersedes all others. WILLIAM II. 1087-1100 DOMINIONS William succeeded, according to his father's disposition, and by the general consent of people in England, to the kingdom of England, and his elder brother Robert to the Duchy of Normandy, separating England again for the time from any foreign dominion. In 1090 by conquest, and in 1091 by treaty, William acquired many places in Normandy from Robert, and in 1095 Robert mortgaged the whole Duchy to him to obtain money for the Crusade. In 1092 William conquered Cumberland, and planted colonists from Southern England in the neighbourhood of Carlisle. In 1090 he gave license to his barons to make conquests in Wales. Most of the lower and coast country of South Wales round to Cardigan Bay, the eastern frontiers, the northern coast and Anglesey, were conquered in consequence; and though the Welsh partly recovered these conquests in 1092, and subsequently, the hold of the Norman adventurers was never completely shaken off. WARS With the party of Robert, 1087-1090 and 1094-5. Maine and Anjou, 1096-99. With OFFICIALS Archbishops. Lanfranc, d. 1089-see vacant four years. Anselm, 1093. Justiciars.-Odo of Bayeux, 1087-1088; William de St. Carileph, Bishop of Durham, 1088; Ranulf Flambard, afterwards, in 1099, Bishop of Durham, 1094-1100. Chancellors.-William Giffard, 1087; Robert Bloett, 1090; Waldric, 1093; William Giffard, 1094-1100. ACTS AND DOCUMENTS There are no constitutional acts of William's reign. AUTHORS Freeman's Norman Conquest, vol. v., and, more in detail, Freeman's The Reign of William Rufus, are the best authorities to follow. Church's Life of Anselm will also be found useful for the important ecclesiastical side of the history, which may be generally studied, for other reigns of course also, in Milman's Latin Christianity. HENRY I. 1100-1135 Married first Eadgyth, called Matilda of Scotland; secondly, Adela of Louvain. DOMINIONS Henry was elected king of the English at Winchester, and crowned in London with the national consent, though many of the Norman barons favoured his elder brother Robert's claims. In the same year Robert returned to Normandy from the East, and took possession of the duchy, with the exception of a few places held by King Henry's men. In 1106 Henry conquered Normandy, and afterwards called himself Duke of the Normans, though his possession of the duchy and of the county of Maine was continually disputed by his brother's partisans, his nephew William the son of Robert, the French king, and the Count of Anjou. In 1105 Henry secured his possession of Pembrokeshire by settling some Flemings in the country. In 1107 Gilbert de Clare conquered Cardigan. WARS 1101-2. Henry was at war with his brother Robert, and in the latter year defeated Robert of Belesme, his leading partisan in England. 1104. Henry went to war with his brother, and in 1106 at Tenchbrai defeated and captured Robert of Normandy, Normandy being thus conquered by England. 1116-20. Henry at war with the French king and the partisans of Robert and his son in Normandy. Petty warfare went on almost continually in Normandy and in the Welsh Marches. OFFICIALS Archbishops.Anselm, d. 1109-see vacant five years; Ralph d'Escures, trans. from Rochester 1114-1122; William de Corbeil, 1123. Justiciars.-Robert Bloett, Bishop of London, 1100-1107; Roger le Poor, Bishop of Salisbury, 1107-1135. Chancellors.-William Giffard 1100-1101; Roger le Poor 1101-1103; William Giffard 1103-1104; Waldric 11041107; Ranulf 1108-1123; Geoffrey Rufus 1124-1135. ACTS AND DOCUMENTS The Charter of Henry I., issued on his accession, and probably again during the struggle with the Norman barons who supported Robert, is printed in Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Institutes, vol. i., and in Stubbs, Select Charters. The Laws ascribed to Henry I. are printed in the former also, but are probably a compilation of perhaps Henry the Second's reign. The Charter to the City of London, granted probably in the latter part of the reign, is printed in Rymer's Foedera,* i. 11, in Ancient Laws and Institutes, and in Select Charters. AUTHORS The student may still follow the general history in Freeman's Norman Conquest, vol. v., the constitutional history in Stubbs' Constitutional History. Stephen was elected king in England with little difficulty, in spite of the homage done to Henry's daughter Maud before the king's death, and in spite of the claims of Stephen's own elder brother Theobald, to whom the Normans in Normandy offered the crown and duchy. David king of Scots, however, received Cumberland, that is Cumberland and probably most of Westmoreland and Furness in Lancashire, in 1136 as a fief for his son Henry, and in 1139 he occupied the present county of Northumberland also. These were practically annexed to Scotland till 1157. In Normandy Stephen was at first acknowledged, but the Duchy was gradually conquered by the partisans of Maud between 1138 and 1145. During a great part of the reign Maud's partisans were also in possession of much of England. * Rymer's Foedera is a collection of treaties, alliances, capitulations, and many domestic documents, issued by English kings from A.D. 1134 to 1654. It was compiled from 1683 onwards. A Syllabus to the Foedera was published by Sir T. D. Hardy, and will be found nearly indispensable to its consultation. The references given are to the original edition of the Foedera, unless otherwise stated. The more complete and orderly Record Edition only extends to 1383. WARS The whole of England was convulsed by the great civil war of Stephen and Matilda, and the private wars accompanying it. 1138. At Northallerton, or the battle of the Standard, David of Scotland was defeated by the northern barons, and confined to his own kingdom, Northumberland and Cumberland. 1141. At Lincoln, Stephen was defeated and captured by Robert of Gloucester, natural son of Henry I., but exchanged the same year for Robert, who had himself been captured near Winchester. OFFICIALS Archbishops.-William de Corbeil, d. 1136-see vacant three years; Theobald 1139. Justiciars.-Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, 1135-1139. On the arrest of Roger and his nephews by Stephen in 1139 the whole administration was thrown into disorder. One first-rate writer, Roger Hoveden, states that Henry, afterwards king, was appointed Justiciar in 1153 by the treaty of Wallingford. Chancellors.-Roger le Poor, son of the Bishop of Salisbury, 1135-1139; Philip, 1139; Theobald, the Archbishop, acted for the Empress Maud in 1142. ACTS AND DOCUMENTS The Treaty of Wallingford, 1153, putting an end to the civil war and securing the present possession of Stephen and the accession after him of Henry son of the Empress Maud. Negotiated through the influence of Theobald the Archbishop and of Henry de Blois, Bishop of Winchester and Papal Legate, brother to Stephen. Printed in substance, as a charter of King Stephen's, in Rymer's Foedera, 1-13. None other of any validity or importance. AUTHORS The same authorities may be followed as before, with Geoffrey de Mandeville, A Study of the Anarchy, J. Horace Round. |