wards of London, 1711-1714. Plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 1712-1713. The last prelate to fill high civil office in England. Secretaries of State, Earl of Dartmouth, 1710-1713, and Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, 1710-1714; William Bromley, vice Earl of Dartmouth, 1713–1714.

Secretary at War, Sir William Wyndham, 1712-1714. Commander of the Forces, Duke of Ormonde, 1712-1714. The Tory Ministry becoming Jacobite under Bolingbroke's guidance, the Earl of Oxford was deprived of the Treasury, but the Duke of Shrewsbury was appointed Lord High Treasurer, July 29, 1714, three days before the Queen's death, and the Dukes of Argyle and Somerset, acting on their right as Privy Councillors, attended the meeting of the Council to arrange for the accession of George I.

ACTS AND DOCUMENTS

1703. Methuen Treaty with Portugal, a commercial treaty to induce Portugal to support the Allies. Noticeable as the cause of what became the national habit of port wine drinking to the neglect of French wines. (See Koch et Schoell, ii. 36.)

1703. First Fruits restored by the Crown to the Church by Letters Patent, see Henry VIII. 26, c. 3. The foundation of Queen Anne's Bounty, confirmed by Act of Parliament, Anne 2 and 3, c. 20.

Anne 6, c. 11. The Union with Scotland. A complete Parliamentary and Commercial Union between the two kingdoms, leaving the domestic law of each unaltered. The maintenance of the Episcopal Church in England, including Wales, and of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, made integral articles of the Union.

Such an Act had become inevitable since the Revolution of 1688-89 had transferred real supremacy in government to the two parliaments in their respective countries. One crown had been a kind of guarantee of common action in the two countries,

while the crown was the real depository of power. Whenever formerly, as in 1638 and 1648-49, and when now, this had ceased to be the case, the two countries tended rapidly towards separation. The Scotch Act of Security, 1704, had pointed to a possibly different monarch in Scotland and England after the death of Queen Anne.

The same arguments were not yet applicable to the case of Ireland; for from its unpopular composition, and from Poyning's Act (see Henry VII. 1494), the Irish Parliament was completely dependent upon the English Government.

One of the greatest effects of the Act of Union was the increase of English commercial and Colonial enterprise by the admission of the poor and energetic Scotchmen to share in it. This was especially felt in the forthcoming development of our Indian Empire.

Anne 9, c. 5. A high property qualification established for Members of the House of Commons. Repealed Victoria 21 and 22, c. 26.

Anne 10, c. 2.

An Act against Occasional Conformity, to punish Dissenters who should qualify for office by taking the Communion in Church, and should afterwards frequent conventicles.

It was repealed under George the First, but is important as the great index of Whig and Tory leanings in this reign. It was several times passed by the House of Commons, and thrown out by the House of Lords, but was carried before the creation of 12 new Tory Peers, Dec. 31, 1711, to swamp the Whig Majority in the Upper House.

1713. The Treaty of Utrecht, ending the War of the Spanish Succession. The Duke of Anjou was left in possession of the throne of Spain, which he actually held, and where the sympathies of the population, except in Catalonia, were unmistakeably for him. The Austrian candidate had become Emperor, which in itself would have been an argument for reverting to the Partition scheme and for not giving him the

whole Monarchy. He was amply compensated in the Netherlands and Italy. A barrier of garrisons was secured for the Dutch in the Netherlands.

England acquired considerable Colonial possessions, see on Dominions, and the right of carrying on the slave trade and some general trade in the Spanish colonies, from which France was excluded. This trade was easily in effect expanded into a considerable illicit trade, especially between the English and Spanish colonies in America, which led to much future trouble.

The new king of Spain was barred from the French succession, the Protestant succession guaranteed in England, and the interests of the Regent in France, who took up the government in 1715, enlisted on the side of the maintenance of the Treaty and of the Protestant succession, for he and Philip of Spain were likely to be rival heirs in France in the event of Louis XV. dying as a child, which seemed likely.

Above all, the events of the war had prevented France from being a real menace to Europe for another eighty years.

The manner of obtaining the Treaty, behind the backs of the Allies, can only be palliated by the fact of the Emperor having tried to do the same first.

The Treaty is printed in Dumont, viii. 339, and see Koch et Schoell, ii. 79, etc.

The Acts given above are printed in the Statutes.

AUTHORS

The history of Queen Anne's reign has been very fully written in the present century. The History of the Reign of Queen Anne, and The War of the Succession in Spain, by Earl Stanhope, are singularly fair. The latter, and the Essay upon it by Lord Macaulay, are however vitiated by their acceptance of Carleton's Memoirs as genuine. A better view of the Earl of Peterborough is given in Colonel Parnell's Life of Peterborough. The Life of the Duke of Marlborough, by Archdeacon Coxe,

Burton's History of the Reign of Queen Anne, and Wyon's History of the Reign of Queen Anne are all to be depended on.

Swift's History of the last four Years of Queen Anne's Reign, and his pamphlet, On the Conduct of the Allies, are vigorous party contributions to the history of the latter part of the reign and of the war.

Among small histories, Morris's Age of Anne, Longmans' Epochs Series, is among the best of the series.

Great Britain and Ireland, with Gibraltar and Minorca, and the colonial possessions as guaranteed by the Treaty of Utrecht. The Electorate of Hanover. The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg had been raised to the status of an electorate by the Emperor in 1692, and the electoral family had been, as their genealogy shews, zealous supporters of the House of Austria. In 1715-1719 they acquired the bishoprics of Bremen and Verden, during the break up of the Swedish dominions in Germany, and thereby made Charles XII. of Sweden a supporter of the cause of the Stewarts, who might have become dangerous to the dynasty of Hanover in England had he lived. The connexion of Hanover with England was simply that the King was also Elector. The foreign policy of the two was supposed to be distinctly managed, but in fact England was influenced by a regard for Hanoverian interests.

WARS

The efforts of the English government were devoted to maintaining the settlement of Utrecht, in conjunction with the French Regency and the United Provinces, and for a time with the Emperor, against the efforts of Spain to recover