1690, June 30th. The English and Dutch fleets were defeated off Beachy Head by the French. The same day the Allies under the Prince of Waldeck were defeated by Luxembourg at Fleurus.

1692, May 19-24th. The French fleet defeated and many men of war and transports destroyed at La Hogue.

1692, Aug. 3.

bourg.

William defeated at Steenkirke by Luxem

1693, July 28. William defeated at Landen or Neerwinden by Luxembourg.

1695, Sept. 1. William took Namur.

OFFICIALS

The two parties, now called Whigs and Tories, had united in supporting William and Mary, and the King at first drew his advisers from both parties. He was, however, in fact his own Prime Minister, presiding in the Council when in England, and his own Minister of War and Foreign Affairs.

In 1689 Viscount Mordaunt was first Lord of the Treasury till 1690; the Marquis of Carmarthen, afterwards Duke of Leeds, formerly Earl of Danby, Lord President of the Council till 1699; the Marquis of Halifax, Lord Privy Seal till 1690; the Earl of Torrington, first Commissioner of the Admiralty, till 1690; the Earl of Nottingham, Secretary of State, till 1693.

The Great Seal was in Commission.

1690. The Earl of Godolphin was First Lord of the Treasury till 1696, and again 1700-1701.

Charles Montague, afterwards Earl of Halifax, was a Lord of the Treasury, 1692-1697; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1694 to 1697; First Lord of the Treasury, 1697 to 1699.

Lord Somers was Lord Keeper, 1693-1697; and Lord Chancellor from 1697 to 1700.

Robert, Earl of Sunderland, Privy Councillor, 1697.

The Earl of Shrewsbury, afterwards Duke, Privy Coun

cillor, 1689-92; a Secretary of State, 1689-1690; and again 1691-1699.

John Lord Churchill, afterwards Earl and Duke of Marlborough, Privy Councillor, 1689-1692; Commander in Chief in England, 1690-1692. Restored to the Privy Council, 1698. Commander in Chief in the Netherlands, 1701.

William Bentinck, Earl of Portland, Privy Councillor, 1689.

ACTS AND DOCUMENTS

Gul. & Mar. 1, c. 5. The first Mutiny Act, to regulate the discipline of the army. Passed in consequence of the refusal of Dumbarton's (Scotch) regiment to obey the (certainly illegal) order of the English government to embark for Flanders. Passed as an annual act it necessitated the annual meeting of parliament.

Gul. & Mar. 1, c. 18. The Toleration Act. This Act while not altering the Test and Corporation Acts, nor repealing the penal laws against the Romanists, allowed the meeting of dissenters from the Church for public worship with open doors on certain conditions. Deniers of the Trinity were, however, still excluded from the benefit of the act. Taken in conjunction with the expiration of the law against unlicensed printing, which lapsed in 1695, it marks the abandonment by the government of the hardest part of its work, the maintenance of its own view of truth, which had perplexed all governments since Henry VIII., if not since the passing of the Lollard statutes. The small number of Romanists and Socinians made their exception of no practical importance. The benefits of the policy were not extended to Ireland, where the Romanists were a majority.

Gul. & Mar. 1, sess. 2, c. 2. The Bill of Rights. This is practically the same as the Declaration of Rights which had been presented to the sovereigns as a condition of their receiving the crown, and which put the monarchy of the Revolution upon a different basis from that of the monarchy

by birthright of the Stewarts. It settled, in the sense desired by the Whig party, the questions concerning the Suspending and Dispensing power, the maintenance of a standing army in time of peace, the freedom and constant assembling of Parliaments, and the liberty of the subject, laying down the law distinctly on many points in opposition to the views upheld by the Judges and Crown lawyers under the Stewarts. It also regulated the succession to the crown according to a definite plan. In effect it marked the transference of influence from the Crown to the aristocracy who controlled Parliament. It is printed at the end of Stubbs, Select Charters.

Gul. & Mar. 2, sess. 2, c. 11. Commissioners appointed to audit the public accounts. These were appointed subsequently year by year till 1785, when a Permanent Board of Public Accounts was erected.

1691. The Treaty of Limerick, promising certain liberties to the Irish Catholics. The treaty was subsequently much modified by the action of the Irish Parliament.

See Lecky, History of England, vol. ii., chaps. 6, 7, for a comment on the results of the Irish War.

The Treaty is given in Leland, History of Ireland, 619.

Gul. & Mar. 5 & 6, c. 20. An Act incorporating certain Merchants with special privileges, on condition of their supporting the Government with money for the war. They were incorporated by Royal Charter as the Bank of England on July 27th, 1694.

Gul. & Mar. 6 & 7, c. 2. The Triennial Act, limiting the duration of parliaments to three years.

Gul. III. 7 & 8, c. 3. An Act regulating trials for treason. Persons accused of treason to be furnished with a copy of the indictment and to be allowed counsel, and otherwise protected. Trials for treason had up to this time been little better than an authorised form of murder. The old habit of taking unfair advantage of the prisoner in such cases continued to make itself felt long afterwards.

In 1696 as Sir John Fenwick could not have been convicted of treason under the new Act, he was condemned by Act of Attainder. (Gul. III. 8 & 9, c. 4.)

1697. The Peace of Ryswick, between France and the Allies. William recognised as King in England, and the Protestant succession after him accepted by France. France yielded all her conquests since the Treaty of Nimuegen, but retained Strassburg and other places which she had acquired by a form of law, supported by violence, in time of peace. It was the first peace for fifty years by which France had not been aggrandized, and was so far a triumph for the Allies. (See Koch et Schoell, vol. i. chap. 9.)

1698 and 1700. The Partition Treaties, for a partition of the Spanish Monarchy, arranged between William and Louis XIV. These treaties, disregarding the rights of the Spanish crown and people, were negotiated with the privity of only a very few of the King's advisers, though they were certain to involve England in war. The Earl of Portland and Lord Somers were impeached in 1701 for their share in them, a mere vote of the House of Commons not being yet sufficient to remove a Minister. The French king disregarded the Treaties so soon as it suited his schemes to do so. (See Koch et Schoell, vol. ii. chap. 10.)

Resettling the Protestant

1701. The Act of Settlement. Succession, recapitulating several points of the Bill of Rights, and incapacitating persons holding offices of profit under the Crown from sitting in the House of Commons. Privy Councillors were also to be individually responsible for the acts taken on their advice.

This act illustrates the so far imperfect conception of Ministerial government and united Cabinets as now understood. Ministers were by it considered independent advisers of the Crown, not sitting in the House of Commons. It is printed at the end of Stubbs, Select Charters. All the Acts given above are printed in the Statutes.

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND THE NON-JURORS

The clergy had as a body so strongly upheld the duty of non-resistance that it was difficult for them consistently to take part in the Revolution.

Some of the ablest and most conscientious of the High Churchmen refused to take the oaths to William and Mary, and were deprived of their sees and livings. They founded and continued in existence the separate body of Non-jurors. They were headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sancroft, Ken the Bishop of Bath and Wells, author of the Morning and Evening Hymns, the Bishops of Ely, Peterborough, Chichester, Gloucester, Norwich, Worcester. The first five of these had been among the Seven Bishops prosecuted by James II.

The secession of so influential a body, and the evident tergiversation of many who took the oaths, contributed to the decided decay of the influence of the Church, which began to make itself felt by the reign of George I. The reign of Anne, a High Churchwoman herself, had brought the Church and government into close alliance again, but the Jacobitism of the ablest prelate, Atterbury of Rochester, and the promotion by William III. and George I. of Low (i.e. Broad) Churchmen to bishoprics, against the wishes of the mass of the clergy and country gentlemen, increased the inefficiency of the Church. Jeremy Collier and Carte the historical writer, and William Law by far the most eminent divine of the earlier eighteenth century, were Non-jurors. See Lathbury, History of the Nonjurors.

THE STANDING ARMY

There was no permanent army in England till the Instrument of Government-see 1653-incorporated the army into the machinery of government by a fundamental constitutional law. The armies during the Civil Wars had been avowedly raised. for temporary emergencies, though no doubt an army would. have remained after the struggle, whoever had won. In 1660

N