The purely civil Act of Mary 1, sess. 2, c. 2, vide supra, was repealed by a similar civil Act. In 1562-63 the Articles of King Edward were re-cast by Convocation into Thirty-nine. (See Wilkins, Concil. iv. 76.) The following Table will show the extent of the changes in the higher ministry of the Church as the various religious changes and counter changes proceeded. Under Henry VIII. Hugh Latimer, bishop of Worcester, resigned in 1539. Thomas Stanley, bishop of Sodor and Man, was deprived in 1545. [This was not the same Thomas Stanley who was bishop 1556-1570]. John Bell, bishop of Worcester, resigned in 1543. Under Edward VI. George Day, bishop of Chichester, was deprived in 1551. John Voysey, bishop of Exeter, resigned in 1551. Edmund Bonner, bishop of London, was deprived in 1549. William Rugg, bishop of Norwich, resigned in 1549. Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, was deprived in 1549. Nicholas Heath, bishop of Worcester, was deprived in 1551. Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of Durham, was deprived in 1551. Under Mary Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, was deprived in 1555. Robert Holgate, archbishop of York, was deprived in 1554. John Hooper, bishop of Gloucester and Worcester, deprived in 1553. John Harley, bishop of Hereford, deprived in 1554. Several Sees were vacant at the time of Mary's accession; more at the time of the accession of Elizabeth, when the reaction of the above revolution came. Under Elizabeth Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York, was deprived in 1560. Thomas Goldwell, bishop of St. Asaph's, resigned 1559. Gilbert Bourne, bishop of Bath and Wells, was deprived in 1559. Ralph Bayne, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, was deprived in 1559. Henry Morgan, bishop of St. David's, was deprived in 1559. Thomas Thirlby, bishop of Ely, was deprived in 1559. James Turberville, bishop of Exeter, was deprived in 1559. Thomas Watson, bishop of Lincoln, was deprived in 1559. Edmund Bonner, bishop of London, was deprived in 1559. David Pole, bishop of Peterborough, was deprived in 1559. John White, bishop of Winchester, was deprived in 1559. Richard Pate, bishop of Worcester, was deprived in 1559. Owen Oglethorpe, bishop of Carlisle, was deprived in 1559. Cuthbert Scot, bishop of Chester, was deprived in 1560. Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of Durham, was deprived in 1559. The only bishop who held the same see undisturbed from Henry VIII. to Elizabeth was Antony Kitchin, consecrated to Llandaff in 1545, died 1565. He and Thomas Stanley, who became bishop of Sodor and Man in 1556, the deprived bishops Barlow, Scory, and Coverdale, and Hodgkins, bishop Suffragan of Bedford, took the oaths to Elizabeth. In 1559 Matthew Parker was consecrated to the see of Canterbury by Barlow, cons. 1536; Hodgkins, cons. 1538; Scory, cons. 1551; Coverdale, cons. 1551. The additional sees of Gloucester, Bristol, Oxford, Peterborough, Westminster, and Chester were erected by Henry VIII. Gloucester and Bristol were subsequently united 1836, and there was only one Bishop of Westminster. In 1534, Hen. VIII. 25, c. 14, an act was passed allowing the erection of Suffragan bishoprics in certain specified towns. This act has been put in force in the present century to give titles to several Suffragan bishops. (Printed in the Statutes.) AUTHORS The volume of Froude's History dealing with Mary's reign is the best of the whole book. Hook's Lives of Cranmer, Pole, and Parker may be read in connexion with the ecclesiastical changes, but these matters are the subject of controversy. Ranke's masterly summary in Book ii. of his History of England will serve to keep the most important issues and conditions clear. ELIZABETH. 1558-1603 DOMINIONS England and Ireland. The latter was practically conquered in this reign, and at the beginning of the next, by the rebellion and conquest of the Earl of Desmond in Munster, killed in 1583, and of the Earl of Tyrone in Ulster, submitted in 1603. From September, 1562, to July, 1563, English troops held Havre in Normandy. In 1585 the Queen, who had refused the sovereignty, accepted the protection of the Netherlands, and the towns of Flushing, Brill, and Rammekins, were put into her hands for the rest of her reign. She bore the title of Queen of Virginia, by which name was meant the coast of North America from North Carolina to New England inclusive, but no permanent colonies were established there in her reign. WARS Elizabeth on her accession found herself engaged in the war with France begun in the previous reign, in alliance with Spain. Mary of France and Scotland, Queen of France part of 1559–60, had laid claim to the English throne, on the plea of the illegitimacy of Elizabeth, and the anti-French interests of Spain compelled Philip to continue the alliance with England. An English fleet and army aided the Scotch lords to expel the French garrison from Leith, 1560. In 1562 English troops were sent into Normany to help the Huguenots against the party of the Guises; and in 1563 they defended Havre in a two months' siege. In 1569 the Northern Counties rose for Queen Mary under the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, and the revolt was only suppressed after considerable desultory fighting, which extended into Scotland, where the Queen's party supported the English rebels. In 1585 war with Spain was openly begun, and Drake took St. Domingo and Carthagena in the West Indies. In 1586 a skirmish at Zutphen was made remarkable by the death of Sir Philip Sidney. In 1588 the Armada was defeated. In 1589 Drake and Norris led an abortive expedition against Lisbon. In 1596 Lord Howard of Effingham and the Earl of Essex took Cadiz. In 1598 Sir Henry Bagenal was defeated at Blackwater by the Irish under the Earl of Tyrone, which led to the appointment of Essex to the command in Ireland. In 1600 the Stadtholder of the United Provinces, Maurice of Nassau, with the aid of Sir Francis and Sir Horace Vere, defeated the Spaniards at Nieuport, and established at least military equality with them for the future. 1558. 1558. OFFICIALS Lord Chancellors The Queen, Keeper. Sir Nicholas Bacon, Keeper, with the authority of Lord 1579. The Queen, Keeper. Lord Burleigh and the Earl of Leicester, Keepers. Sir Thomas Bromley, Chancellor. 1587. Lord Hunsdon, Lord Cobham, Sir Francis Walsingham, Keepers. Lord Burleigh, the Earl of Leicester, Sir Francis Sir Christopher Hatton, Chancellor. 1591. Lord Burleigh, Lord Hunsdon, Lord Cobham, Lord Buckhurst, Commissioners of the Great Seal. 1592. Sir John Pickering, Keeper. 1596. Sir Thomas Egerton, Keeper. Lord Treasurers and Chancellors of the Exchequer 1558. The Marquis of Winchester, Treasurer. Richard Sackville, Chancellor of the Exchequer. 1566. Sir William Mildmay, Chancellor of the Exchequer. 1572. Lord Burleigh, Treasurer, till his death in 1598. 1589. Sir John Fortescue, Chancellor of the Exchequer. 1598. Lord Buckhurst, afterwards Earl of Dorset, Treasurer. Secretaries of State 1558. Sir William Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh, till 1572. 1572. Sir Thomas Smith. 1574. Sir Francis Walsingham. 1578. Thomas Wilson, in addition. 1586. William Davison, in addition. 1590. Robert Cecil, afterwards Earl of Salisbury, acting 1596. Secretary of State. 1596. Robert Cecil, Chief Secretary of State, to the end of the reign. |