Lord, 1583, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, days and nights back again, as before we had done in eight days from Cape Race unto the place where our ship perished, which hindrance thitherward and speed 5 back again, is to be imputed unto the swift current, as well as to the winds, which we had more large in our return. This Monday the general came aboard the Hind to have the surgeon of the Hind to dress his foot, which he hurt by treading upon a nail. At what time we comforted each other with hope of hard success to be all past, and of the good to come. So agreeing to carry out lights 15 always by night, that we might keep together, he departed into his frigate, being by no means to be entreated to tarry in the Hind, which had been more for his security. Immediately after followed sharp storm which we overpassed for that time. Praised be God. So upon Saturday in the afternoon, the 31st of August, we changed our course and returned back for England, at which very instant, even in winding about, there passed along between us and towards the 20 land which we now forsook, a very lion to our seeming, in shape, hair, and color, not swimming after the manner of a beast, by moving of his feet, but rather sliding upon the water with his whole body (excepting the legs) in sight; neither yet diving under, and again rising above the water, as the manner is of whales, dolphins, tunnies, porpoises, and all other fish, but confidently showing himself above 30 water without hiding. Notwithstanding, we presented ourselves in open view and gesture to amaze him, as all creatures will be commonly at a sudden gaze and sight of men. Thus he passed along turning his 35 head to and fro, yawning and gaping wide, with ugly demonstration of long teeth and glaring eyes, and to bid us a farewell (coming right against the Hind) he sent forth a horrible voice, roaring or bellow- 40 ing as doth a lion, which spectacle we all beheld so far as we were able to discern the same, as men prone to wonder at every strange thing, as this doubtless was, to see a lion in the ocean sea, or fish in 45 shape of a lion. What opinion others had thereof, and chiefly the general himself, I forbear to deliver. But he took it for bonum omen [a good omen], rejoicing that he was to war against such an enemy, 50 if it were the devil. The wind was large for England at our return, but very high, and the sea rough, insomuch as the frigate wherein the general went was almost swallowed up. Monday in the afternoon (Sept. 2), we passed in the sight of Cape Race, having made as much way in little more than two a The weather fair, the general came aboard the Hind again to make merry together with the captain, master, and 25 company, which was the last meeting, and continued there from morning until night. During which time there passed sundry discourses, touching affairs past and to come, lamenting greatly the loss of his great ship, more of the men, but most of all of his books and notes, and what else I know not; for which he was out of measure grieved, the same doubtless being some matter of more importance than his books, which I could not draw from him, yet by circumstance I gathered the same to be the ore which Daniel the Saxon had brought unto him in the New-foundland. Whatsoever it was, the remembrance touched him so deep as not able to contain himself, he beat his boy in great rage, even at the same time, so long after the miscarrying of the great ship, because upon a fair day, when we were becalmed upon the coast of the New-found-land, near unto Cape Race, he sent his boy aboard the admiral to fetch certain things, amongst which, this being chief, was yet forgotten, and left behind. After which time, he could never conveniently send again aboard the great ship; much less he doubted her ruin so near at hand. Herein my opinion was better confirmed diversely, and by sundry conjectures, 55 which maketh me have the greater hope of this rich mine. For whereas the general had never before good conceit of these north parts of the world, now his 5 frigate, which was overcharged upon their decks, with fights, nettings, and small artillery, too cumbersome for so small a boat that was to pass through the ocean sea at that season of the year, when by course we might expect much storm of foul weather, whereof indeed we had enough. mind was wholly fixed upon the Newfound-land. And as before he refused not to grant assignments liberally to them that required the same into these north parts, now he became contrarily affected, refusing to make any so large grants, especially of St. John's, which certain English merchants made suit for, offering to employ their money and travel upon the same. Yet neither by their own suit, nor of 10 tain, master, and other his well-willers of others of his own company, whom he seemed willing to pleasure, it could be obtained. But when he was entreated by the cap the Hind, not to venture in the frigate, this was his answer: I will not forsake my little company going homeward, with whom I have passed so many storms and to be so over hard, by hard reports given of him, that he was afraid of the sea, albeit this was rather rashness than advised resolution, to prefer the wind of a vain report to the weight of his own life. Also laying down his determination in the spring following, for disposing of his 15 perils. And in very truth, he was urged voyage then to be re-attempted, he assigned the captain and master of the Golden Hind unto the south discovery, and reserved unto himself the north, affirming that this voyage had won his heart from 20 the south, and that he was now become a northern man altogether. Last, being demanded what means he had at his arrival in England to compass the charges of so great preparation as he 25 intended to make the next spring, having determined upon two fleets, one for the south, another for the north: Leave that to me (he replied), I will ask a penny of no man. I will bring good tidings unto 30 her Majesty, who will be so gracious to lend me 10,000 pounds, willing us therefore to be of good cheer, for he did thank God (he said) with all his heart for that he had seen, the same being enough for us 35 all, and that we needed not to seek any further. And these last words he would often repeat, with demonstration of great fervency of mind, being himself very confident and settled in belief of inestimable 40 good by this voyage, which the greater number of his followers nevertheless mistrusted altogether, not being made partakers of those secrets, which the general kept unto himself. Yet all of them that 45 are living may be witnesses of his words and protestations, which sparingly I have delivered. Leaving the issue of this good hope unto God, who knoweth the truth only, and can 50 at his good pleasure bring the same to light, I will hasten to the end of this tragedy, which must be knit up in the person of our general. And as it was God's ordinance upon him, even so the vehement 55 persuasion and entreaty of his friends. could nothing avail to divert him from a wilful resolution of going through in his Seeing he would not bend to reason, he had provision out of the Hind, such as was wanting aboard his frigate. And so we committed him to God's protection, and set him aboard his pinnace, we being more than 300 leagues onward of our way home. By that time we had brought the islands of Azores south of us; yet we then keeping much to the north, until we had got into the height and elevation of England, we met with very foul weather and terrible seas, breaking short and high, pyramid wise. The reason whereof seemed to proceed either of hilly grounds, high and low, within the sea, (as we see hills and dales upon the land), upon which the seas do mount and fall; or else the cause proceedeth of diversity of winds, shifting often in sundry points, all which having power to move the great ocean, which again is not presently settled, so many seas do encounter together as there had been diversity of winds. Howsoever it cometh to pass, men which all their life time had occupied the sea, never saw more outrageous seas. We had also upon our mainyard, an apparition of a little fire by night, which seamen do call Castor and Pollux. But we had only one, which they take an evil sign of more tempest; the same is usual in storms. Monday the ninth of September, in the afternoon, the frigate was near cast away, oppressed by waves; yet at that time recovered; and giving forth signs of joy, the general sitting abaft with a book in his hand, cried out unto us in the Hind (sc oft as we did approach within hearing): We are as near to heaven by sea as by land. Reiterating the same speech, well beseeming a soldier, resolute in Jesus Christ, as I can testify he was. The same Monday night, about twelve of the clock, or not long after, the frigate being ahead of us in the Golden Hind, suddenly her lights were out, whereof, as it were in a moment, we lost the sight, and withal our watch cried, the general was cast 10 away, which was too true. For in that moment, the frigate was devoured and swallowed up of the sea. Yet still we looked out all that night and ever after, until we arrived upon the coast of England, omit- 15 ting no small sail at sea, unto which we gave not the tokens between us agreed upon, to have perfect knowledge of each other, if we should at any time be separated. ance) in short time breaketh them, whereby their bodies are notably preserved in health, and know not many grievous diseases, wherewithal we in England are 5 often times afflicted. 20 In great torment of weather and peril of drowning, it pleased God to send safe home the Golden Hind, which arrived in Falmouth, the 22nd day of September, being Sunday, not without as great danger 25 escaped in a flaw, coming from the southeast, with such thick mist that we could not discern land, to put in right with the haven. A REPORT OF VIRGINIA This uppowoc is of so precious estimation amongst them, that they think their gods are marvelously delighted therewith. Whereupon sometimes they make hallowed fires, and cast some of the powder therein for a sacrifice. Being in a storm upon the waters, to pacify their gods, they cast some up into the air and into the water. So a weir for fish being newly set up, they cast some therein and into the air. Also, after an escape of danger, they cast some into the air likewise; but all done with strange gestures, stamping, sometime dancing, clapping of hands, holding up of hands, and staring up into the heavens, uttering therewithal, and chattering strange words and noises. We ourselves, during the time we were there, used to suck it after their manner, as also since our return, and have found many rare and wonderful experiments of the virtues thereof, of which the relation would require a volume by itself. The use of it by so many of late, men and 30 women of great calling, as else, and some learned physicians also, is sufficient wit (From a brief and true report of the new-found land of Virginia, of the com- 35 modities there found and to be raised, as well merchantable as others. Written by Thomas Heriot, servant to Sir Walter Raleigh, a member of the colony and there employed in discovering a full twelve- 40 month.') There is an herb which is sowed apart by itself, and is called by the inhabitants uppowoc. In the West Indies it hath divers names, according to the several 45 places and countries where it groweth and is used; the Spaniards generally call it tobacco. The leaves thereof being dried and brought into powder, they use to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it, 50 through pipes made of clay, into their stomach and head, from whence it purgeth superfluous phlegm and other gross humors, and opens all the pores and passages of the body; by which means the use 55 thereof not only preserveth the body from obstructions, but also (if any be, so that they have not been of too long continu ness. FROM RALEIGH'S DISCOVERY OF GUIANA Upon this river one Captain George, that I took with Berreo, told me there was a great silver mine, and that it was near the banks of the said river. But by this time as well Orinoco, Caroli, as all the rest of the rivers were risen four or five feet in height so as it was not possible by the strength of any men, or with any boat whatsoever to row into the river against the stream. I therefore sent Captain Thyn, Captain Grenville, my nephew John Gilbert, my cousin Butshead Gorges, Captain Clark, and some thirty shot more to coast the river by land, and to go to a town some twenty miles over the valley called Amnatapoi. And they found guides there to go farther towards the mountain foot to another great town called Capurepana, belonging to a casique called Ha haracoa (that was a nephew to old To 15 awari, king of Arromaia, our chiefest friend) because this town and province of apurepana adjoined to Macureguarai, hich was a frontier town of the empire. And the meanwhile myself with Captain Difford, Captain Calfield, Edward Hanock, and some half a dozen shot marched verland to view the strange overfalls of the river of Caroli which roared so far f, and also to see the plains adjoining, 10 and the rest of the province of Canuri. I sent also Captain Whiddon, William ¡Connocke, and some eight shot with them, to see if they could find any mineral stone alongst the riverside. When we were come to the tops of the first hills of the ains adjoining to the river, we beheld at wonderful breach of waters which down Caroli, and might from that Imantain see the river how it ran 20 three parts, above twenty miles off. And there appeared some ten or twelve verfalls in sight, every one as high over e other as a church-tower, which fell with that fury, that the rebound of water 25 -ade it seem as if it had been all covered ver with a great shower of rain; and in me places we took it at the first for a smoke that had risen over some great town. For mine own part, I was well 30 persuaded from thence to have returned, being a very ill footman, but the rest were all so desirous to go near the said strange under of waters, as they drew me on by ittle and little, till we came into the next 35 Falley, where we might better discern the me. I never saw a more beautiful coun nor more lively prospects, hills so ised here and there over the valleys, the river winding into divers branches, 40 e plains adjoining without bush or stub, all fair green grass, the ground of ard sand, easy to march on, either for se or foot, the deer crossing in every h, the birds towards the evening sing- 45 on every tree with a thousand sevd tunes, cranes, and herons of white, nson, and carnation perching in the verside, the air fresh with a gentle east wind, and every stone that we so oped to take up, promised either gold silver by its complexion. Your lordLap shall see of many sorts, and I hope e of them cannot be bettered under the 55; and yet we had no means but with our 55 ggers and fingers to tear them out here there, the rocks being most hard, of La mineral spar aforesaid, which is like a flint, and is altogether as hard or harder; and besides the veins lie a fathom or two deep in the rocks. But we wanted all things requisite, save only our desires and 5 good will, to have performed more if it had pleased God. To be short, when both our companies returned, each of them brought also several sorts of stones that appeared very fair, but were such as they found loose on the ground, and were for the most part but colored, and had not any gold fixed in them; yet such as had no judgment or experience kept all that glistered, and would not be persuaded but it was rich because of the luster, and brought of those and of marquesite withal, from Trinidad, and have delivered of those stones to be tried in many places, and have thereby bred an opinion that all the rest is of the same. Yet some of these stones I showed afterward to a Spaniard of the Caracas, who told me that it was el madre del oro, that is, the mother of gold, and that the mine was farther in the ground. * * I will enter no further into discourse of their manners, laws, and customs, and because I have not myself seen the cities of Inca, I cannot avow on my credit what I have heard, although it be very likely that the Emperor Inca hath built and erected as magnificent palaces in Guiana as his ancestors did in Peru, which were for their riches and rareness most marvelous and exceeding all in Europe, and I think of the world, China excepted; which also the Spaniards (which I had) assured me to be true, as also the nations of the borderers, who, being but savages to those of the inland, do cause much treasure to be buried with them. For I was informed of one of the casiques of the valley of Amariocapana, which had buried with him, a little before our arrival, a chair of gold most curiously wrought, which was made either in Macureguaray adjoining, or in Manoa. But if we should have grieved them in their religion at the first, before they had been taught better, and have digged up their graves, we had lost them all. And therefore I held my first resolution that her Majesty should either accept or refuse the enterprise ere anything should be done that might in any sort hinder the same. And if Peru had so many heaps of gold, whereof those Incas were princes, and that they delighted so much therein; no doubt but this which now liveth and reigneth in Manoa, hath the same honor, and I am assured hath more abundance of gold within his territory than all Peru and the West Indies. For the rest, which myself have seen, I will promise these things that follow, which I know to be true. Those that are desirous to discover and to see many nations may be satisfied within this river, which bringeth forth so many arms and 10 branches leading to several countries and provinces, above 2000 miles east and west, and 800 miles south and north, and of these the most either rich in gold or in other merchandises. The common soldier 15 shall here fight for gold, and pay himself, instead of pence with plates of half a foot broad, whereas he breaketh his bones in other wars for provant and penury. Those commanders and chieftains that 20 shoot at honor and abundance, shall find there more rich and beautiful cities, more temples adorned with golden images, more sepulchres filled with treasure than either Cortez found in Mexico, or Pizarro in Peru; and the shining glory of this conquest will eclipse all those so far extended beams of the Spanish nation. There is no country which yieldeth more pleasure to the inhabitants, either for those 30 common delights of hunting, hawking, fishing, fowling, or the rest, than Guiana doth. It hath so many plains, clear rivers, abundance of pheasants, partridges, quails, rails, cranes, herons, and all other fowl, 35 deer of all sorts, porks, hares, lions, tigers, leopards, and divers other sorts of beasts, either for chase or food. It hath a kind of beast called cama, or anta, as big as an English beef, and in great plenty. 25 40 To speak of the several sorts of every kind, I fear would be troublesome to the reader, and therefore I will omit them and conclude that both for health, good air, pleasure, and riches I am resolved it can- 45 not be equaled by any region either in the east or west. Moreover the country is so healthful, as of an hundred persons and more (which lay without shift most sluttishly, and were every day almost melted 50 with heat in rowing and marching, and suddenly wet again with great showers, and did eat of all sorts of corrupt fruits, and made meals of fresh fish without seasoning, of tortugas, of lagartos or croc-55 odiles, and of all sorts good and bad, without either order or measure, and besides lodged in the open air every night) we lost not any one, nor had one ill dispose to my knowledge, nor found any calentura or other of those pestilent diseases whic dwell in all hot regions, and so near th 5 equinoctial line. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE AT SAN DO (From 'a summary and true discours of Sir Francis Drake's West Indian voy age, begun in the year 1585. Wherei were taken the cities of Saint Iago, Sant Domingo, Cartagena, and the town o Saint Augustine in Florida. Published b Mr. Thomas Cates.') us a All things being thus considered or the whole forces were commanded in th evening to embark themselves in pin naces, boats, and other small barks ap pointed for this service. Our soldier being thus embarked, the general put him self into the bark Francis as admiral, an all this night we lay on the sea, bearin small sail until our arrival to the landin place, which was about the breaking o the day, and so we landed, being Ne Year's Day, nine or ten miles to the wes ward of that brave city of San Doming for at that time, nor yet is known to u any landing place where the sea surg doth not threaten to overset a pinnace boat. Our general, having seen landed in safety, returned to his fleet, b queathing us to God, and the good condu of Master Carliell, our lieutenant genera at which time, being about eight of th clock, we began to march, and about noc time, or towards one of the clock, we a proached the town, where the gentleme and those of the better sort, being son hundred and fifty brave horses, or rath more, began to present themselves. B our small shot played upon them, whic were so sustained with good proportio of pikes in all parts, as they, finding part of our troop unprepared to recei them, (for you must understand the viewed all round about), they were th driven to give us leave to proceed t wards the two gates of the town, whi were the next to the seaward. They h manned them both, and planted their or nance for that present and sudden alar without the gate, and also some troops small shot in ambuscade upon the highw side. We divided our whole force, bei |