Attila, king of the Huns, 394. His brutal treatment of his son's wife, daughter of Theodoric, 427. Raises a naval force and invades Italy, 459. His sack of Rome, 463. Destroys the fleet of Majorian, 482. His naval depredations in Italy, 486. His claims on the Eastern empire. 487. Destroys the Roman fleet under Basiliscus, 497. Was an Arian, and persecuted his Catholic subjects, 548.
Gentleman, etymology of the term, v. 562, note.
Geoponics of the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, account of, v. 337. George of Cappadocia supersedes Anastasius in the see of Alexandria, ii. 348. His scandalous history, and tragical death, 349, 350, note M. Be- comes the tutelar saint of England, 454, vide note M.
Gepidæ, Ardaric, king of the, iii. 392. Their encroachments on the East- ern empire checked by the Lombards, iv. 192. Are reduced by them,
Gergovia, besieged by Julius Cæsar, iii. 604.
Germanus, nephew of the emperor Justinian, his character and promo- tion to the command of the army sent to Italy, iv. 266. His death, 267. Germany, the rude institutions of, the basis of the original principles of European laws and manners, i. 249, 250, note M. Its ancient extent, 251. Climate of, 252, 253, note M., note G. How peopled, 255. The natives unacquainted with letters in the time of Tacitus, 257. Luden and Guizot's remarks on, 257, note M. Had no cities, 258. Manners of the ancient Germans, 260. Population, 262. State of liberty among them, 263. Authority of their magistrates, 265. Conjugal faith and chastity, 267. Their religion, 269. Their bards, 272, note G. Collection of their national songs, 272, note M. Arms and discipline, 272, 273. Their feuds, 374. General idea of the German tribes, 277. Probus carries the Roman arms into Germany, 380. A frontier wall built by Probus, from the Rhine to the Danube, 381. Invasions of Gaul by the Germans, ii. 231, 553. State of, under the emperor Charlemagne, v. 49. The imperial crown established in the name and nation of Germany, by the first Otho, 55. Division of, among independent princes, 68. For- mation of the Germanic constitution, 69. State assumed by the em- peror, 72.
Gerontius, count, sets up Maximus as emperor in Spain, iii. 302. Be- heads his friend and his wife at their own entreaties, and commits suicide, 303.
Geta and Caracalla, sons of the emperor Severus, their fixed antipathy to each other, i. 151.
Ghebers of Persia, history of, v. 265, 270.
Ghibelines and Guelphs, disputes of the, v. 67, vi. 426.
Gibraltar, rock of, iii. 311. Derivation of the name of, v. 252.
Gildo the Moor, his revolt in Africa, iii. 180. His defeat and death, 185. Giraffe, the camelopardalis, i. 113, notes.
Gladiators, desperate enterprise and fate of a party of, reserved for the triumph of Probus, i. 386. The combats of, abolished by the emperor Honorius, iii. 209.
Glycerius is made emperor of Rome, iii. 507. Exchanges the sceptre for the bishopric of Salona, 507. Murders Julius Nepos, and is made arch- bishop of Milan, 508.
Gnostics, character and account of the sect of, i. 518, 519. Principal sects into which they are divided, 521, note M. Their peculiar tenets, 520, 521, note, also note M., 549, note M. ii. 308, notes G. iv. 492.
Godfrey of Bouillon, his character and engagement in the first crusade, v. 558. His route to Constantinople, 564, 568. Rejects the title of king of Jerusalem, 495. Compiles the Assise of Jerusalem, 600. Form of his administration, 601, et seq.
Gog and Magog, the famous rampart of, described, iv. 103, note. The Huns suspected to be the scriptural, v. 410.
Goisvintha, wife of Leovigild, king of Spain, her pious cruelty to the princess Ingundis, iii. 559.
Gold of affliction, the tax so denominated in the Eastern empire, abolished by the emperor Anastasius, iv. 73, 74, note M.
Golden Horn, why the Bosphorus obtained this appellation in remote an- tiquity, ii. 89.
Gordian, proconsul of Africa, his character and elevation to the empire of Rome, i. 204. His son associates with him in the Imperial dignity, 205. the third and youngest, declared Cæsar, i. 210. Is declared emperor by the army, on the murder of Maximus and Balbinus, 219, notes G. and M. Philip orders his execution, and succeeds him, 223. Certain discrepancies explained, 223, note M.
Gothini, the, not to be confounded with Goths, i. 255, note M. Goths of Scandinavia, their origin, i. 281. Their religion, 282. and Vandals supposed to be originally one great people, 285. Improba- bility of this opinion, 286, note M. Their emigrations to Prussia and the Ukraine, 286, 287. They invade the Roman provinces, 289. They re- ceive tribute from the Romans, 295. They subdue the Bosphorus, 311. Plunder the cities of Bithynia, 309. They ravage Greece, 312. Conclude a treaty with the emperor Aurelian, 341. They invade Illyricum, and are chastised by Constantine the Great, 496. Medal commemorative thereof, 496, note M. Their war with the Sarmatians, ii. 169. Are again routed by Constantine, 170, note M. Gothic war under the em- perors. Valentinian and Valens, iii. 25, 26. Are defeated by the Huns, 28. They implore the protection of the emperor Valens, 30. They are received into the empire, 32, They are oppressed by the Roman gov ernors to Thrace, 34. Are provoked to hostilities, and defeat Lupicinus, 36, 37. They ravage Thrace, 38. Battle of Salices, 41, 42. They are strengthened by fresh swarms of their countrymen, 42. Battle of Ha- drianople, 49. Scour the country from Hadrianople to Constantinople, 53. Massacre of the Gothic youth in Asia, 55. Their formidable union broken by the death of Fritigern, 63. Death and funeral of Athanaric, 65. Invasion and defeat of the Ostrogoths, 66. Are settled in Thrace by Theodosius, 68. Their hostile sentiments, 70. Revolt of, in the reign of Honorius, iii. 190. They ravage Greece, under the command of Alaric, 192. They invade Italy, 99. The sack of Rome by, 281. Death of Alaric, 294. Victories of Wallia in Spain, 311. They are settled in Aquitain, 312. See Gaul and Theodoric. Conquests of the Visigoths in Gaul and Spain, 498. How the Goths were converted to the Christian religion, 541, 542, note M. Reign of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, iv. 1, 2, note M. The Goths in Italy extinguished, 278, 279. Government, civil, the origin of, i. 264. Governors of provinces under the emperors, their great power and influ- ence, ii. 124, 125.
Gratian was the first emperor who refused the pontifical robe, ii. 367, note. Marries the princess Constantia, and succeeds to the empire, 592. De- feats the Alemanni in Gaul, iii. 44. Invests Theodosius with the em- pire of the East, 57. His character and conduct, 72. His flight from Maximus, and death, 76, 77. Overthrew the ecclesiastical establish-
Greece is ravaged by the Goths, i. 312. Is overrun by Alaric the Goth, iii. 192. Is reduced by the Turks, vi. 413, 414.
Greek church, origin of the schism of, vi. 48, 321, 344.
- empire. See Constantinople.
Greeks, why averse to the Roman language and manners, i. 46. The Greek becomes a scientific language among the Romans, 46, note M. Character of the Greek language of Constantinople, vi. 324. When first taught in Italy, 330.
Greek learning, revival of, in Italy, vi. 327, 328.
Gregory the Great, pope, his pious presents to Recared, king of Spain, iii 562. Exhorts Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, to propagate the Nicene faith, 562. His enmity to the venerable buildings and learning of Rome, iv. 418. His birth, and early profession, 419. His elevation to the pontificate, 421. Sends a mission to convert the Britons, 422. Sanctifies the usurpation of the emperor Phocas, 453.
II., pope, his epistles to Leo III., emperor of Constantinople, iv. 16, 17. Revolts against the Greek emperor, 19.
VII., pope, his ambitious schemes, iv. 61, 62. His contest with the emperor Henry III., v. 477. Character of, 477, note M. His retreat to Salerno, vi. 426.
præfect of Africa, history of him and his daughter, v. 237, 239. Nazianzen, his lamentation on the disgraceful discord among Christians, ii. 363. Loads the memory of the emperor Julian with in- vective, 405, note. Censures Constantius for having spared his life, 420, note. Is presented to the wretched see of Sasima, by his friend Arch- bishop Basil, iii. 83. His mission to Constantinople, 84. Is placed on the archiepiscopal throne by Theodosius, 87. His resignation and char- acter, 90, 91.
Grumbates, king of the Chionites, attends Sapor, king of Persia, in his invasion of Mesopotamia, ii. 225. Loses his son at the siege of Amida, 226. Returns home in grief, 228.
Guardianship, how vested and exercised, according to the Roman civil laws, iv. 353, 354.
Gubazes, king of Colchos, his alliance with Chosroes, king of Persia, iv. 232. Returns to his former connection with the emperor Justinian, 233. Is treacherously killed, 236. Judicial inquiry respecting, 237, note M. Guelphs and Ghibelines, the parties of, in Italy, v. 67, vi. 426. Guilt, the degrees of, in the penal laws of the Romans, iv. 376, 377. Guiscard, Robert, his birth and character, v. 457. Acquires the dukedom of Apulia, 459. His Italian conquests, 461. Besieges Durazzo, 469. Defeats the Greek emperor Alexius there, 473, 474. Engages in the cause of Pope Gregory VII., 478. His second expedition to Greece, and death, 480, 481.
Guizot, M., his French edition of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vide preface by Mr. Milman, vol. i. p. iv.-xi. His valuable notes are given in the present edition of the history passim, and marked G., vide preface, p. xxi.
Gundobald, king of the Burgundians, is reduced by Clovis, king of the Franks, iii. 578. His mode of justifying the judicial combat, 496. Gunpowder, the invention and use of, vi. 288, 289, note M.
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, his character, vi. 24. Is defeated and taken prisoner by Saladin, 25.
Gyarus, a small island in the Egean Sea, an instance of its poverty, i. 188.
Hadrian, emperor, raises a rampart of earth between Carlisle and New- castle, i. 5, note M. Relinquishes the eastern conquests of Trajan, 8. Their characters compared, 8. His character contrasted with that of Antoninus Pius, 9. His several adoptions of successors, 92. Founds the city of Elia Capitolina on Mount Sion, 515. Reforms the laws of Rome in the perpetual edict, iv. 312, 313, note W.
Hadrianople, battle of, between Constantine the Great and Licinius, i. 499. Is ineffectually besieged by Fritigern the Goth, iii. 39, Battle of, between the emperor Valens and the Goths, 49.
Hakem, caliph of the Saracens, assumes a divine character to supplant the Mahometan faith, v. 531, 532. Errors respecting, 531, 532, note M, Hamadanites, the Saracen dynasty of, in Mesopotamia, v. 328, 329. Hannibal, review of the state of Rome when he besieged that city, iii. 244,
Hannibalianus, nephew of Constantine the Great, is dignified with the title of king, ii. 164, 165, note M. Provinces assigned to him for a kingdom, 166. Is cruelly destroyed by Constantius, 175.
Happiness, instance how little it depends on power and magnificence, V. 299.
Harmozan, Persian satrap, his interview with Omar, v. 184.
Harpies, an ancient mythologic history, Le Clerc's conjecture concerning, ii. 88, note.
Harun al Rashid, caliph, his friendly correspondence with the emperor Charlemagne, v. 52. His wars with the Greek empire, 309. Hassan, the Saracen, conquers Carthage, v. 244.
Hawking, the art and sport of, iv. 412. Introduced into Italy by the Lombards, 412.
Hegira, the æra of, how fixed, v. 125.
Heinichen, Excursus of, i. 587, ii. 265, note M., 267, note M., 325, note M. Helena, the mother of Constantine, her parentage ascertained, i. 454. Was converted to Christianity by her son, ii. 250, note.
sister of the emperor Constantius, married to Julian, ii. 213. Is reported to be deprived of children by the arts of the empress Eusebia, 215. Her death, 381.
Heliopolis taken by the Saracens, v. 206.
Hell, according to Mahomet, described, v. 118.
Hellespont described, ii. 90.
Helvetia, amount of its population in the time of Cæsar, i. 262, note.
Hengist, his arrival in Britain, with succors for Vortigern, against the Caledonians, iii. 616. His establishment in Kent, 617, 618. Henoticon of the emperor Zeno, character of, iv. 522.
Henry succeeds his brother Baldwin as emperor of Constantinople, vi. 111. His character and administration, 112.
III., emperor, his contest with Pope Gregory VII., v. 477. Takes Rome, and sets up Pope Clement III., 478.
VI., emperor, conquers and pillages the Island of Sicily, v. 496. the Fowler, emperor of Germany, v. 55. Defeats the Turkish in- vaders, 419.
Heptarchy, Saxon, establishment of, in Britain, iii. 618, note M. Review of the state of, 619.
Heraclian, count of Africa, retains that province in obedience to Honorius, iii. 280. His cruel usage of the refugees from the sack of Rome by Alaric, 289. His revolt and death, 301.
Heracleonas, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 573, 574.
Heraclius deposes the eastern usurper Phocas, and is chosen emperor, iv. 457. Conquests of Chosroes II., king of Persia, 459. Distressful situa- tion of Heraclius, 464. Accepts an ignominious peace from Chosroes, 466. His first expedition against the Persians, 468. His second Persian expedition, 471. Strengthens himself by an alliance with the Turks, 477. His third Persian expedition, 478. His treaty of peace with Persia, 484. His triumph and pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 485, vide note M. His theological inquiries, 535. Marries his niece Martina, 572. Leaves his two sons joint successors to the empire, 572. Invasion of his provinces by the Saracens, v. 194. Flies from Syria, 214.
the præfect, his expedition against the Vandals in Africa, iii. 494, 497.
the eunuch, instigates the emperor Valentinian III. to the mur- der of the patrician Etius, iii. 454, note M. His death, 457. Herbelot, character of his Bibliothèque Orientale, v. 176, note.
Hercynian forest, the extent of, unknown in the time of Cæsar, i. 253, note. Heresy in religion, the origin of, traced, i. 518. Edict of Constantine the Great, against, ii. 295.
Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, his conquests, iii. 28. His death, 582, 583.
Hermenegild, prince of Bætica, his marriage with Ingundis, princess of Austrasia, and conversion to the Nicene faith, iii. 559, 560. Revolt and martyrdom of, 559, 560.
Hermits of the East, their mortified course of life, iii. 537, 538. Miracles ascribed to them and their relics, 539.
Hermodorus, the Ephesian, assists the Romans in compiling their twelve tables of laws, iv. 303. Inquiry relating to this fact, 303, note W. Hermogenes, master-general of the cavalry, is killed in the attempt to banish Paul, bishop of Constantinople, ii. 357.
Hero and Leander, the story of, by whom controverted and defended, ii: 91, 92, note. See also notes M.
Herodes Atticus, his extraordinary fortune and munificence, i. 56.
Herodian, his life of Alexander Severus, why preferable to that in the Augustan history, i. 184, note. On the Persian campaign, 185, note G. Herodotus, his character of the Persian worship, i. 233.
Heruli, of Germany and Poland, their character, iv. 16. Their origin, 16, note M.
Hilarion, the monk of Palestine, account of, iii. 524.
Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, his remarkable observations on the diversity of Christian doctrines, ii. 320. His exposition of the term Homoiousion, 320.
-, pope, censures the emperor Anthemius for his tolerating principles,
Hilderic, the Vandal king of Africa, his indulgence to his Catholic sub- jects displeases both the Arians and Athanasians, iv. 114. Is deposed by Gelimer, 114. Is put to death, 127.
Hindoos of the East, not the disciples of Zoroaster, v. 265, note.
Hindostan, conquest of, by Tamerlane, vi. 255, note M.
Hippo Regius, siege of, by Genseric, king of the Vandals, iii. 376.
History, the principal subjects of, i. 277, ii. 13.
Holy war, the justice of it inquired into, v. 544.
Homicide, how commuted by the Salic laws, iii. 593.
Homoousion, origin and use of that term at the council of Nice, ii. 317, 318, 319, 320. The distinction between it and homoiousion, 322. Honain, war of, v. 138.
Honoratus, archbishop of Milan, is, with his clergy, driven from his see by the Lombards, iv. 396.
Honoria, sister of Valentinian III., her history, iii. 431.
Honorius, son of Theodosius the Great, is declared emperor of the West, by his dying father, iii. 128. Marries Maria, the daughter of Stilicho, 187, 188. His character, 188. Flies from Milan on the invasion of Italy by Alaric, 203. His triumphant entry into Rome, 209. Abolishes the combats of gladiators, 209, 210, note M. Fixes his residence at Ravenna, 211. Orders the death of Stilicho, 233. His impolitic measures and cruelty unite his barbarian soldiers against him under Alaric, 242. His councils distracted by the eunuchs, 275. His abject overtures to Attalus and Alaric, 276. His last acts, and death, 301, 302. His triumph for the reduction of Spain by Wallia the Goth, 312. Is suspected of incest with his sister Placidia, 364. His persecution of the Donatists in Africa, 372. Honor, new ranks of, introduced in Constantinople, ii. 108, v. 353. Hormisdas, a fugitive Persian prince in the court of the emperor Constan- tius, his remarks on the city of Rome, ii. 218, note. His history, and station under Julian, 477.
Hormouz, the son of Chosroes, king of Persia, his accession, iv. 430. His character, 431. Is deposed, and at length killed, 435, note M.
Horses, of Arabia, their peculiar qualities, v. 78.
Hosein, the son of Ali, his tragical death, v. 162.
Hospitallers, knights of St. John of Jerusalem, popularity and character of the order of, v. 598.
Hostilianus, the minor son of the emperor Decius, elected emperor, under the guardianship of Gallus, i. 295.
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