Mr. Toreen gives an equally unfavorable character of the people, in the neighborhood of Whampoa and Canton :

"It is dangerous for a single person to venture too far, because he is in danger of being stripped to the very shirt. Though the curiosity of the Europeans may not be perhaps void of blame; yet the natives look as if they were glad to find a pretence to use violence against a stranger, especially when they are sure of overpowering him.... If you go further up into the town, they call you names, and pelt you with stones, which fly about your ears as thick as hail. If you intend to go out of town, you must have company, walk fast, and carry a good stick."

It is with no pleasurable feelings that we bring forward these details; neither is it from any sentiment of animosity to the Chinese. We desire, by imparting to them a better education, and by the diffusion of Christian truth and useful knowledge among them, that they should be led to cherish different dispositions towards their fellow-creatures. But to attain this object, it is necessary that their actual state should be made fully known. There can be no advantage in concealing either the whole or a portion of the truth.

It is also with deep regret, that we repeat, what constant experience has plainly proved, that, in few cases, has anything but strong resistance,like that of captain Congreve, of lord Anson, of captain Murray Maxwell, and of many others,— rendered the Chinese government "willing to give satisfaction."

Of the advantages, already referred to, which foreigners who were here eighty years ago, possessed over us, in respect to liberty of locomotion, there are many proofs in Mr. Osbeck's narrative. He speaks of his 'walks about the town,' and the places he was 'allowed to go to, such as gardens, environs of villages, hills, ditches, and rice-fields.' And he gives details of several of his rambles,

beyond the suburbs of the town, which were usually made for the purpose of botanical discovery. We select some of the most interesting.`

"I now longed to see the country without the town, and some of my fellow travellers honoured me with their company. We had scarce passed through the principal streets of the suburbs, but a crowd of boys gathered about us, who perhaps looked upon us as ambassa lors from the moon, or some such odd animals, whom they were obliged to attend out of the city with an universal clamour: the crowd continually increased, and particularly in the Miller's street, in all the houses of which, on both sides, rice is pounded and ground. Little stones, sand, and dirt being thrown at us, we made the best of our way out of the suburbs, to get rid of our disagreeable retinue.

"We left the city with its wall on the right, and saw on both sides of the road only ploughed grounds, or great narrow clay fields, covered with rice, &c.....At last we found a buryingplace, where the bones of many of our countrymen rest, as the epitaphs shew. This mountain lies on the right as we come from the town, near the road, without any enclosure, like a common. It is said to be half a [Swedish] mile distant from our lodgings.... On our return we met three Chinese, who desired money; but their demands not being complied with they attacked us with great stones; I in particular was in danger, being somewhat behind my companions, in quest of plants....We met a Chinese burial. We were then sufficiently protected. There were wooden idols in the procession. First and foremost went two Chinese, with little banners; next were the pipers and other musicians, who sometimes sounded their instruments. Behind these, the idol, a gilt human figure, was carried in a palankin; it was followed by the coffin, which was carried on a pole of bamboo. The mourners had white handkerchiefs about their heads. When they have let the coffin down into the grave, they lay a couple of stones upon it, and besides that, for the subsistence of the dead, and for the reconciliation of the idol, they put rice, fruit, tea, money, &c., by him. At night they likewise perform all sorts of music in the boats, and row up and down the river in them.....

The Chinese graves are made on the sides of hills, and look like ice-cellars. They are elevated on both sides with stones. Instead of the door, stands a stone, on which the epitaph is hewn in large Chinese characters."

"I had a mind to have a nearer sight of the Moorish pagoda (Delubrium Mauritanum), which is at a good distance. from the European graves: for this reason I left the town by the same road we had taken the day before, in company with Mr. Braad, whose attention to all that is curious is well known,

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and two other gentlemen. On the road, a Chinese, covered only with rags, ran after us and desired kam-sa-a, or alms. We did not mind him, but went on as fast as the great heat would allow, but he came nearer, and pulled one of us by the coat, and would not leave his hold till he had money given him. We did not know how to act; for though we could have made him depart, we were afraid that by his cries he would bring huudreds of the Chinese, who were every where working in the fields around us; to whom we could not have proved our innocence, since none of us understood the language. When we were in doubt what we should do, another Chinese came and lashed our follower about the legs with a whip, which made him cry out exceedingly, and jump into the rice fields, where he was up to the knees in mud. This man called himself and his comrade officers of the government; he afterwards accompanied us to the pagoda, which lay upon a high mountain, and its inside wus somewhat different from that of the Chinese temples. Having observed all the trees that were planted hereabouts, we made haste back. In the hurry we found no other that the trees which have already been mentioned before, except the plantain tree, which was now fully in blossom.

"Our companions, who joined us without being asked, called themselves goverument officers, and having reminded us of their rewards, put their whips into their pockets. We desired them to accompany us as far as the factory, where we would pay them; but they refused, and left us."

"I this day took a journey in a palankin for two mase and five kundarin, about half a Swedish mile up the country (about three English miles), to see the funeral of the Dutch supercargo Roberts, who died the second of this month, in the 54th year of his age. All the captains and supercargoes were invited to come at two o'clock in the afternoon, and to follow the corpse to the afore-mentioned burying-place. On going thither I saw the following plants, which covered the old walls of the city.....A good way out of town, on the right of the high road, I arrived at the European buryingplace, which was on a hill, without any fence, or distinction from the other hills. The inscriptions on the tomb-stones are not all legible, on account of the rubbish lying on them: however, I could see that Swedish captains and supercargoes had died in this country. The corpse which was now to be buried was carried by six Dutch grenadiers. The procession followed. in palankins without order. The Chinese merchants who were here present, mourned with white, long, cotton handkerchiefs, which were tied as the ribbands of an order, over their comInon clothes. This sort of mourning was distributed to all the rest by the young widow of the deceased. She was born at Batavia, and had accompanied her husband hither, but got

admission into the suburbs of Canton with much difficulty. The people of this country are very singular, looking upon foreign ladies as not much better than contraband goods.

"A black tomb-stone was laid upon the grave, on which an inscription to the memory of the deceased was engraved in great white letters, in Dutch, mixed with some Latin. On this occasion, people of all nations were assembled together."

The burying-place, mentioned in the above extracts, is no longer made use of by Europeans; all those who die at Canton being now taken to Whampoa for burial. Nor is the burying-place easily accessible now; though a few Europeans have contrived to visit it of late years.

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The 'palankins are elsewhere described by Mr. Osbeck:-"Palankins, or Chinese chairs, carried by two half naked Chinese, on the shoulders, without straps, were to be hired out of the city, at the rate of half a piastre."-Speaking also of the city, he says;-"Each gate has a centinel, in order that no European may get in, except under particular cricumstances, with the leave of people of note; in this case you are carried into the city, in a covered chair, and thus you do not get a sight of any thing worth notice in the place."

We extract an account of only one more of Mr. Osbeck's perambulations:

"I had a mind to see the situation of the environs of the suburbs, in that part where I had not yet been; and was forced to go by myself, for want of company. As soon as I

had passed the usual trading streets, the boys gathered about me in thousands, throwing sand, stones, and dirt at me; and shouted all together, Akia, aque ya, quailo; and with this music they followed me through the whole town.....As I stopped here, and only gathered now and then a plant, my disagreeable company stopped their noise, especially when I turned to them. Here was no road which carried directly into the country, nor did I venture any farther; but returned whence I came. However, in the afternoon, I went out of town, in a palankin, by this means avoiding my disagreeable forenoon companions. Returning again, I went on foot about the wall of Canton, on the side from the country.

"When we came to the first city-gate, towards the side of the European burying-place, a mandarin, with a whip in his

hand, joined us, to accompany us about the city. Near this gate was a Chinese inn, where brandy and tea were sold. The people stood by the side of the round-house on the wall, and stared at us; however, we got by without hurt, though not without fear, because we remembered that a person was some time before pelted with stones from this very place. When we approached nearer to the suburbs, we every where, and almost close up to the wall, found houses; they were all full of men, and especially children and youths, who sang their old song, of which they were put in mind by the grown people, if they did not begin it themselves. Yet we likewise found an old reverend man who had more sense than the others, aud made his children or grandchildren greet us civilly."

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Many of Mr. Osbeck's details are curious.-Both he and Mr. Toreen speak of the windows having small square panes of mother-o'-pearl, instead of glass or lead." Mr. Toreen says:-"When the rooms cannot get light enough from the doors and open walls, they have windows of mother-of-pearl, for which reason the cathedral church at Goa, on account of such windows, need not be thought one of the wonders of the world." Were it not for this grave assertion, we should have supposed our authors to mean oyster-shells, which are still in common use among the Chinese, as well as the Portuguese at Macao.

"All Europeans," says Mr. Osbeck, "go here, as well as abroad, only in their waistcoats, with a white cotton cap, and a hat over it, carrying a stick in their hands. Coats are only made use of when one European visits another."-Speaking of the Chinese, also, he says: "In winter they frequently put on thirteen or fourteen garments, one above another, or get them lined with furs. Instead of muffs they carry a live quail in their hands." This use of the quail is new to us. The Chinese frequently carry them about, and are very fond of fighting them, but we doubt, if they ever keep them for the sake of warmth.

The well-known fact, that a person falling overboard at Whampoa seldom if ever re-appears, till the third day, when the body usually comes up