THE STANDARD AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARTS, SCIENCES, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, STATISTICS, AND GENERAL KNnowledge WITH THOUSANDS OF ENGRAVINGS, COLORED MAPS AND CHARTS PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL.D. ASSISTED BY A LARGE CORPS OF EDITORS AND OVER ONE HUNDRED WRITERS VOL. IV PUBLISHED BY THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PUBLISHING COMPANY 156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 1897 Habeas Cor'pus, Writ of, a writ directed by courts of law or equity to produce the body of a person alleged to be illegally detained, and to state the reasons of such detention, so that the court may judge of their sufficiency. This writ is one of the chief guards of popular liberty and the envy of foreign nations, being one of the best securities against tyranny ever devised. The true foundation of that act, as well of many other cardinal principles of the English Constitution, is to be found in the Great Charter, or Magna Charta, of which Hallam (Constitutional History, i, 16) observes: "No freeman could be detained in prison except upon a criminal charge or conviction, or for a civil debt. In the former case it was always in his power to demand of the Court of King's Bench a writ of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, directed to the person detaining him in custody, by which he was enjoined to bring up the body of the prisoner, with the warrant of commitment, that the court might judge of its sufficiency, and remand the party, admit him to bail, or discharge him, according to the nature of the charge." While following in general the spirit of the English act, legislation in the U. S. is more comprehensive in its character, and is not confined to commitments on criminal charges, but extends beneficial provisions to all arrests and detentions on any pretext or ground whatever. In the U. S. Constitution and in State constitutions there is a clause to the effect that "the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it." the eighth letter in the alphabet, belongs | account is contained in the Book of H. either of the events to the order of gutturals, and is a mere of his life or the date when he lived. He is believed by attenuation of the sound indicated by the many to have flourished about 630 B.C. Greek x and the German (and Scotch) ch. The tendency of guttural sounds to become lighter and lighter, and at last inaudible, is strikingly seen in tracing the history of H. The form of the character corresponds to the Phenician or Hebrew cheth () and the Greek eta, (H, probably at one time pronounced heta,) whose supposed hieroglyph was an altar of sacrifice, which denoted the syllable che. The Greeks dropped the guttural part of the sound, and took the character to mark the vowel e, while in the Latin alphabet it was taken to mark the (faint aspirated) guttural. In the languages derived from the Latin the force of h has almost disappeared. It is retained in French as a character, but is scarcely heard in pronunciation. The Italian language altogether ignores the character. In Spanish it has taken the place in many cases of the Latin f, as hijo Lat. filius, "a son;" humoso = fumosus, "smoky." In the languages of the Gothic stock h often represents the hard guttural sound of k or c. (See letter C.) This substitution, and the subsequent disappearing of h, especially before r and 1, have completely disguised the relationship of many words which are yet of the same root; e. g., Eng. raw; A.-S. hereaw; Lat. cru-or, "blood," cru-dus, "bloody," "raw." The natural tendency in English, as in other tongues, is to attenuate the sound of h, and altogether eliminate it. H was employed by the Romans to express 200; and the addition of a dash over the character signified 200,000. The Germans use the letter H in their musical notation for the same note which we call B, while they call our B flat simply B; possibly from the flat seventh being more nearly related to C, as a fundamental note, than is B natural, the sharp seventh, which they designate H. = Haarlem, the chief town of a district of the same name in the prov. of North Holland; pop. 53,692. St. Bavo's Kerk, which was built in the 15th c., is one of the largest churches in Holland, and especially noted for its lofty tower and famous organ, constructed by Müller of Amsterdam, which, till recently, was the largest of its kind, having 5,000 pipes, 60 stops, and four rows of keys. During the war of independence the city underwent a seven months' siege in 1572-73, which is unparalleled in the annals of history for the heroism evinced by the citizens. Haarlem Lake, which is now drained, lay between the towns of Haarlem, Leyden, and Amsterdam, and communicated with the Zuider Zee by "Het Y." Before its drainage (1839-52) it embraced the four ponds of Haarlem, Leyden, Spieger, and Helle, which, in consequence of an irruption of the sea in the 16th c., when several villages were destroyed, had merged into one vast sheet of water, and in the course of time encroached so far upon the adjacent land as ultimately to cover an area of more than 60,000 acres. The depth did not exceed 15 ft., more than half of which was composed of mud and clay, from which the Dutch prepared a kind of brick known as "klinkers," used for purposes of paving. In consequence of the damage done to Amsterdam and Leyden by an overflow of the lake in 1836 the government entered into an agreement with a company of English engineers to drain it, the work being completed in 1852, and the former lake-bottom is now covered with verdure-clad gardens, orchards, and meadows. Hab'akkuk, the eighth of the 12 minor prophets. No Haber'geon, a short coat of mail, consisting of a jacket without sleeves. In early times the H. was composed of chain-mail, but in the 14th c. an H. of plate-armor was worn over the hauberk. Hab'ersham, (COL. JOSEPH,) Amer. statesman, lieutenant general in the Revolutionary War; Postmaster-Gen. 1795; b. 1751, d. 1815. Hab'it. This familiar word applies to a certain portion of our acquired powers or aptitudes. Common usage does not very closely define the kind or extent of acquisitions intended by it. Hs. may be either intellectual or moral. We speak of a H. of talking or writing, as well as of a H. of early rising or truthfulness. The principle of the human consti; tution on which the growth of H. depends, when generalized to the utmost, may be called the power of retentiveness or of plastic growth, and is one of the foundations of the intel lect, inasmuch as memory and all the other intellectual faculties involve it in a greater or less degree. In Med., this expression signifies the sum of the physical qualities of an individual, and is sometimes used synonymously with constitution. Thus we speak of a full H., a spare H., an apoplectic H. It ought not to be lost sight of in attending to the prog ress of disease or its treatment. Häck'el, or Hæckel, (HEINRICH, M.D.,) a Ger. zoologist, one of the first to recognize and accept Darwinism; b. in Germany 1834. Hack'ensack, a town, cap. of Bergen Co., N. J., on the Hackensack River, and the New York, Susquehanna, and Western, and New York, Ontario, and Western R.Rs., 12 m. N. of New York. It contains an academy, classical institute, several public and private schools, public library, various churches, foundry, iron-works, carriage and jewelry factories, planing and molding mills, gas and water works, and numer ous fine residences with beautiful surroundings. H. was |