settled by the Dutch more than 200 yrs. ago, was occupied Empire, in the N. of the prov. of Sleswick-Holstein; pop. in turn by the British and Amer. armies during the Rev. 8,362. olutionary War, and has interesting historical associations. Pop. 6,004.

Ha'des, in Greek myth., was the god of the lower world, more commonly spoken of as Pluto; the name was also apHack'ensack River, a stream rising in Rockland Co., plied to his kingdom, the abode of the departed spirits or N. Y., flowing S. through the State of N. J., and entering shades. The corresponding Hebrew word is Sheol, which in Newark Bay. It drains a beautiful and fertile farming our English version is sometimes rendered " grave," someregion; 1. about 50 m. times "pit," and sometimes "hell." H. is almost always Hack'ett, (HORATIO BALCH, D.D., LL.D.,) educator, employed by the LXX. in translating Sheol. It occurs 11 D. in Mass. 1808: Prof. of Latin in Brown University; times in the N. T., and in our authorized English version is filled several distinguished chairs in biblical literature; rendered "hell," except in 1 Cor. xv, 55, where it is rendered was a profound Hebrew and classical scholar; published a "grave." Hebrew grammar, and made various able translations; was one of the editors of Smith's Dictionary of the Bible; d.

1875.

Hack'ett, (JAMES HENRY,) a popular actor, associate manager with Mr. Niblo of the Astor Place Opera-House, New York city; b. at Jamaica, N. Y., 1800, d. 1871. Hack'ett, (JOHN K.,) an able lawyer; sometime Recorder of the city of New York; b. 1820, d. 1879.

Had'ith, (Arab. Hadith Ar-Rassul, new, a story, legend, or tale,) the traditions about Mohammed the Prophet's sayings and doings, which, as complementary to the Koran, form, with it, the supreme authority for all religious and legal questions of the Mohammedans. Originally it was not allowed to commit them to writing, (like the MISHNA, q. v.,) but the danger of their being entirely forgotten in the course of time led to their being written down in the first centuries after Mohammed. Those who, notwithstanding, know them well by heart are honored with the title of Hafiz, (retainer, keeper.) The six principal sources for these traditions are Ayeshah, after the death of Chadija, the prophet's favorite wife; Abu Hureira, his constant companion and servant; Abdallah Ibn Abbas; Abdallah bnu Omar b. Al-Ass; Djaber b. Abdallah Ansari; and Ans b. Malik. The principal and Hack länder, (Friedrich Wilhelm,) Ger, poet, b. 1816, most authoritative collections of these traditions are those of d. 1877. After several vicissitudes he began his literary Bochari, Malik, Abu Dhaud, Tarmesi, Nissai, Moslem, and career in Stuttgart. The literary fruits of a journey to the Sojuti. Of these the most important code is the Sahih of East, on invitation of Baron von Taubenheim, were Daguerre- Bochari, who, it is said, spent 16 yrs. in traveling through otypen aufgenommen auf Einer Reise in den Orient and the land collecting such traditions, and who singled out from Pilgerzug nach Mekka, a collection of Oriental tales and a number of 60,000 about 7,270 as all that were genuine. legends. He published numerous romances, and has been See SUNNA, MOHAMMED, MOHAMMEDANISM. styled "the German Dickens."

Hackettstown, a town in Warren Co., N. J., on the Musconetcong River, the Morris Canal, and the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western R.R., 63 m. W. of New York. It contains four churches, three academies, the seminary of the Newark M. E. Conference, national bank, carriage factories, foundries, car-shops, flour and saw mills, and weekly newspapers. Pop. 2,417.

Hack'le, Hasch'el, or Het'chel, an instrument used for removing tow from flax or hemp, and fitting them for spinning.

Hack'ley, (CHARLES E., A.M., M.D.,) served as surgeon In the civil war, in the New York Hospital, Eye and Ear Infirmary, Women's Medical Coll., etc.; b. 1836.

Hack'ley, (CHARLES W.,) officer in the U. S. army; clergyman in the P. E. Church; Prof. of Mathematics in Columbia Coll., New York; b. 1809, d. 1861.

Had'ji Khali'fah, the surname of MUSTAFA-BEN-ABDALLAH, a celebrated Turkish historian, b. at Constantinople about the end of the 16th c., d. 1658.

Had'ley, (JAMES, LL.D.,) author, was b. in New York 1821; sometime tutor at Yale; a classical scholar, and well versed in all modern languages. He wrote largely and learnedly on Roman law, and was the author of some able philological and critical essays. D. 1872.

Hadley's Quadrant. i, index-glass; h, horizon-glass; 8, sight.

Had'ley, (JOHN,) an Eng. mathematician, the intimate friend of Newton, from whom, as is now Hack'ney, the name of a parish of England, in the generally supposed, he borrowed the idea county of Middlesex, which now forms a suburb of London, of the instrument called Hadley's Quadand is 3 m. N.-N.-E. of St. Paul's. It was at one time a rant. In 1717 he became a member of favorite suburban residence of the London citizens, but the the Royal Society, before which he read current of fashion having for many yrs. been setting to the some useful papers, which were afterW., H. no longer holds the rank it formerly did. In its ward published in their Transactions. earlier and fashionable days it is said to have given its The honor of having invented the sexname to Hackney coaches, but a better derivation is the tant is claimed by their supporters for French haquenir, "hired horse." Pop. 229,531. H., Godfrey, and Newton; for H., because Had'dingtonshire, or East Lo'thian, a maritime he was first to construct the instrument county in Scotland, 1. about 25 m., and w. about 17; area and give a description of it, which he did 173,298 acres, pop. 37,491. Historical interest is confined in 1731, before the Royal Society; for Godfrey, because in almost entirely to the battle-field of Dunbar, where Cromwell 1730 he presented a gentleman in Philadelphia, Pa., with defeated the Covenanting army in 1650; and Prestonpans, a description of the instrument almost coinciding with H.'s, where the Pretender defeated the royal troops in 1745. The cap. of H. is Haddington, which has a pop of 3,770. Had'dock, (Gadus, or Morrhua Eglefinus,) a fish of the same genus with the cod, and much resembling it in general appear ance. The number of fins is the same as in the cod, there being three dorsals and two anals. The H., like the

Haddock.

cod, has a barbule at the point of the lower jaw. The H. is brown on the back, silvery on the belly; the lateral line is black, and there is a black spot behind each of the pectorals, these spots sometimes extending so as to meet on the back.

Had'dock, (CHARLES BRICKETT, D.D.,) one of the originators of the R.R system of N. H., and introducer of the present common school system of the State; b. in N. H. 1796, d. 1861.

Had'dock, (GEORGE C.,) a minister in the M. E. Church at Sioux City, Ia.; assassinated Aug. 3, 1886, because of persistent efforts to enforce the laws against the illegal sale of intoxicating liquors. A most estimable, intelligent, courageous man, and a redoubtable champion of reform.

Hadersle ́ben, or Haderslev', a town of the German

which description was transmitted to the Royal Society in 1732; and for Newton, because he, in 1727, gave a description of the instrument to his friend Halley, who, for some reason unknown, suppressed it, and it was not till after his death that it was discovered. D. 1744.

Ha'dramaut, the southern and south-eastern provinces of Arabia; a dry, arid country; Makallah is the chief town. In general H. may be said to be bounded on the N. by the great desert, N.-E. by Oman, S. by the Arabian Sea, W. by Yemen. Its coast-line is variously estimated within 200 m., and its inland stretch within 150 m. The surface is low along the coast, and diversified in the interior with ranges of mountains, deep valleys, and an elevated plateau. The plateau is bisected by the wady Doan, a valley 150 m. 1. and 35 m. in extreme w., with towns and villages scattered along its entire course. The interior region is very hot, dry, and unhealthful, and the few streams are dry the greater part of the yr.

Hadria'nus, (P. ALIUS,) a Roman emperor, (117-138 A.D.,) b. at Rome 76 A.D. During the reign of Trajan, who was his guardian, and with whom he was connected by marriage, he filled several high offices in the state. On the death of Trajan H. was proclaimed emperor by the army, 117 A.D. In 118 he repaired to Rome, established his authority by liberality toward the people, and suppressed with great severity a patrician conspiracy against his life. He visited Gaul, Germany, Britain, (where he built the famous

HADROSAURUS-HÆMOPTYSIS.

1242

HÆMORRHOIDS-HA-HA BAY.

gravity of this symptom depends very much on its cause. The treatment can scarcely be undertaken without a medical examination; but in case of extremity it may be desirable to know that repeated doses of ipecacuanha, carried even up to the emetic effect, have often been found serviceable. For treatment see HÆMATEMESIS.

Hag'gada, the free rabbinical interpretation of Scripture, chiefly for homiletical purposes. As its name signifies, H. was something "said:" legend, saga, tale, gnome, parable, allegory; in fact, poetry springing up from the sacred soil, wild, luxuriant, and entangled like a primeval forest. On its three principal directions-the Peshat, or hermeneuticHæʼmorrhoids, (Gr. haima, "blood,” and rhein, “I flow,") al investigation; Derush, or practical application; and Lod, piles. These are livid and painful tubercles or excrescences, or mystical illustrations-we cannot dwell here, nor can we usually attended with a discharge of mucus or blood. The follow Zunz's minute divisions of H. into (1) Targumim; most common causes of H. are a sedentary life, accumula- (2) Haggadistic elements in Halacha; (3) Ethical H.; (4) Histion of fæces in the rectum; violent efforts at stool, preg- torical H.; (5) Secret esoteric doctrine; (6) Special H. Hagnancy, etc. They may be external or internal, bleeding or gada shel Pesach is the name of a ritual, partly in Hebrew, non-bleeding, (blind.) Treatment.-In mild cases, rest; re- partly in Chaldee, used on the first two evenings of the Passcumbent posture; use of mild laxatives, as sulphur, (alone or over, which contains, besides a brief description of the exoin compound licorice powder,) castor-oil, and emollient ene- dus, extracts from the Scripture, the Mishna, Tosephta, Mechilmata, will be sufficient. If inflamed, apply leeches, followed tha, Sifri, and the two Talmuds, and some liturgical pieces. by hot or cold water applications, with abstinence and cool- Hag'gai, (Aggaus, Haggæus,) the 10th of the 12 minor ing drinks. An astringent ointment (as Monsell's salt, half prophets, and the first of those who prophesied in Palestine a dram, with simple cerate one ounce) may be applied every after the Babylonian captivity, 520 B.C. It is related that morning, while an application of lead-water at bed-time will he was born in Babylon, of priestly lineage, and came to Jebe found comforting. In bleeding H., quiet, light diet, cool-rusalem at a very early age. The church fathers suppose ing drinks; tincture of iron, (10 to 30 drops, thrice daily, him to have been one of the exiles who had returned with well diluted, after meals, internally,) cold water enemata and Zerubbabel and Joshua. The Book of Haggai principally local application, or astringent enemata, will be found bene- relates to the building of the second temple. ficial. Extract of witch-hazel has been used successfully both locally and internally, (in doses of one tea-spoonful.) Internal bleeding H. demand surgical aid.

Hæmostat'ics, (Gr. haima, “blood," statos, "stopped,") internal remedies and local applications which arrest hemorrhage. The chief H. are the ligature, pressure, rest, cold, the actual cautery, astringents, and the whole class of styptic drugs.

Hæ'res, a term applied in Roman law to one who succeeds to all the property and liabilities of a person deceased. H. were of two kinds, those appointed by a testament and those nearest of kin to the deceased.

Ha'fiz, (MOHAMMED SHAMS-AD-DIN, also called LISHAN-ALGHAID,) an eminent Persian divine, philosopher, and grammarian, and one of the greatest poetical geniuses of all time; b. in the opening yr. of the 14th c. at Shiraz; the date of his death is uncertain-about 1390.

Hag, (Myxine,) a genus of cartilaginous fishes, allied to lampreys, and with them forming the class Marsipobranchii. The fishes of this genus are of low organization, and seem to connect fishes with cephalopodous mollusks. The vertebral column is reduced to a mere flexible cartilaginous tube, nor are there any other bones. The shape resembles that of an eel or worm, and Linnæus placed these animals among the Vermes. The mouth is formed by a mere membranous ring, with a single tooth on its upper part, while the tongue is furnished with two rows of strong teeth, and also performs the office of a piston in the use of the mouth as a sucker. Around the mouth are eight barbules or cirrhi, which are apparently the principal special organs of sensation. There are no eyes. The H. perforates the bodies of fishes, leading a semi-parasitic life, and finally killing its host.

Hag'gard, (H. RIDER,) a contemporary Eng. novelist, b. 1856; is a barrister by profession. At the early age of 19 he accompanied Sir H. Bulwer as secretary to Natal, and served on the staff of Theophilus Shepstone during his mission to the Transvaal. It was during the time he was at the Cape that he acquired the local knowledge which he has turned to such good account. His first effort in literature was not a novel, but a history of events in South Africa, which was published in 1882 under the title of Cetewayo and his White Neighbors. From 1884-91 he wrote King Solomon's Mines, She, The Witch's Head, Jess, Colonel Quaritch, V. C., Allan Quatermain, Cleopatra, and Eric Brighteyes. His works achieved an instant popularity, and met with very large sales.

Hag'gerty, (JOHN,) one of the founders of Methodism, from 1771-92; b. in Md. 1747, d. 1823.

Haghe, (LOUIS,) a well-known water-color painter, b. in Belgium 1802, but settled in London. He first acquired a reputation as a lithographer, his most splendid lithographic work being Roberts's Sketches in the Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia. Not less superb were his lithographs of his own drawings of old Flemish interiors. D. 1885.

Hag'ner, (PETER,) b. at Philadelphia 1772; was appointed clerk of the Treasury by Washington; served with high approbation under every administration for 56 yrs., until at last no higher compliment could be paid a public officer than to say he was 66 'as virtuous as Peter H.;" d. 1850. Hag'ner, (PETER V.,) an Amer. soldier, b. 1815; Col. of Ordnance and Brig.-Gen. U.S.A.; served in the Florida, the Mexican, and the civil wars.

Hague, or The Hague, (Dutch Gravenhage,) the cap. of the Netherlands, and the residence of the king, is a pleas

Ha'gar, (LXX. Agar, see Gen. xvi,) an Egyptian bond-antly situated, well-built city in South Holiand; pop.165,560. woman of Sarah, who became the wife of Abraham, and, on account of the jealousy of Sarah, was, with her son Ishmael, turned into the wilderness.

Ha'gen, an industrious and thriving town of Prussia, in Westphalia; pop. 35,428.

Ha'genbach, (Karl Rudolf,) Ger. theologian and expositor of the Scriptures, b. 1801 at Basel, d. 1874. While at the Universities of Born and Berlin he became acquainted with the direction given to theology by Schleiermacher, and on his return to Basel he received from his intercourse with De Wette a fresh theological development. After being an Extraordinary Prof. he became Ordinary Prof. of Theology 1828, and Honorary Doctor of Theology 1830. His Encyklopädie u. Methodologie d. Theologischen Wissenschaften is one of the most useful manuals for the student of German theology, and its popularity in Germany has necessitated nine editions. A history of evangelical Protestantism, several volumes of sermons, a memorial of De Wette, and a work on religious education in the gymnasia have come from his pen; also two small volumes of poetry.

Hagerstown, city and cap. of Washington Co., Md., on Antietam Creek, and on the Baltimore and Ohio, Cumberland Valley, Shenandoah Valley, and Western Maryland R. Rs., 60 m. W.-N.-W. of Baltimore. It contains a court-house, church, boys' academy, girls' seminary, high, graded, primary, and parochial schools, and manufactories of machinery, carriages, pottery, leather, bricks, and flour. Pop. 10,118.

It has a good public library, containing 109,000 volumes. The town contains 20 churches, the most notable of which is the Great Church, founded in 1308, and distinguished for its lofty hexagonal tower with a carillon of 38 bells. The H. is the seat of both chambers of the States-General, and of various tribunals and public offices, in one of which are deposited the archives and state papers which have been preserved by the republican and regal governments of the country for 400 yrs. In an historical point of view the most interesting building of the H. is the Gevangenpoort, or the prison gate-house, in which Oiden Barneveldt, the Brothers De Witt, and many others distinguished in the history of Holland have at different periods been confined.

Hague, (REV. WILLIAM, D.D.,) an eminent and scholarly Bap. divine, b. in Pelham, N. Y., 1808; was graduated from Hamilton Coll. 1826. In 1829 he was ordained pastor of the Second Baptist Church in Utica. At the time of his death he was senior pastor of the Bap. church at Wollaston Heights. Among his writings was Fifty Years' Life Notes, or a Fifty Years Outlook. D. 1887.

Ha-Ha Bay, inlet of Saguenay River, in Chicoutimi Co., Quebec, Canada, midway between Lake St. John and the St. Lawrence River; known also as Grande Bay. It is connected with Great and Little Ha-Ha Lakes by the Ha-Ha River; the bay is about 7 m. 1., 1 m. w., and 600 ft. deep, and at its head has accommodations for the largest vessels to load and unload. The scenery is beautiful, the surrounding dis.

HAIN-HAIR.

trict agriculturally rich, and the upper shores of the bay are famous summer resorts.

Hahn, (MICHAEL,) Gov. of La. 1864–68; obtained degree of LL.B. from the Louisiana University; b. 1830, d. 1886.

Hah'nemann, (SAMUEL,) a celebrated Ger. physician, b. 1755 at Meissen, Saxony. He settled in Dresden 1784. While translating Cullen's Materia Medica his attention was arrested by the insufficient explanations advanced in that work of the cure of ague by cinchona bark. By way of experiment he took a large dose of that substance to ascertain its action on the healthy body. In the course of a few days he experienced the symptoms of ague; and it then occurred to him that perhaps the reason why cinchona cures ague is because it has the power to produce symptoms in a healthy person similar to those of ague. To ascertain the truth of this conjecture he ransacked the records of medicine for wellattested cures effected by single remedies, and finding sufficient evidence of this fact, he advanced a step further, and proposed in an article published in Hufeland's Journal, in the yr. 1797, to apply this new principle to the discovery of the proper medicines for every form of disease. Soon afterward he published a case to illustrate his method. It was one of a very severe kind of colic cured by a strong dose of Veratrum album. Before this substance gave relief to the patient it excited a severe aggravation of his symptoms. This induced H., instead of drops and grains, to give the fraction of a drop or grain; and he thus introduced infinitesimal doses. Some yrs. later he applied his new principle in the treatment of scarlet fever; and finding that belladonna cured the peculiar type of that disease which then prevailed in Germany, he proposed to give this medicine as a prophylactic or pre

1243

often observed between two others comparatively warm. H. proper seems to depend upon the meeting of two nearly opposite currents of air—one hot and saturated with vapor,

2

5

Different forms of Hailstones. Nos. 2, 3, 4 are sections. and the other very cold, when instant condensation of the moisture takes place, and it is precipitated to the earth in icy pellets, sometimes in large and heavy masses.

Haimu'ra, (Erythrinus macrodon,) a large fresh-water fish of Guiana, highly esteemed for the table. It belongs to a family of fishes, Erythrinidæ, exhibiting relations to the herring, salmon, and carp families. It is sometimes 4 ft. in l. The teeth are large, and so formidable that instances are said to have occurred of a captured H. biting off a man's hand.

Various forms of Vegetable Hairs, greatly magnifled.

ventive against scarlet fever. From that time it has been extensively employed for this purpose. In the yr. 1810 he published his great work, entitled Organon of Medicine, which has been translated into all European languages, as well as into Arabic. In this book he expounded his new system, which he called HOMEOPATHY, (q. v.) D. 1843.

Hahn-Hahn, Countess, (IDA,) daughter of Karl Friedrich, Count von H., a well-known_authoress, b. at Tressow, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1805. In 1850 she embraced Roman Catholicism, and two yrs. later entered the Order of the Good Shepherd at Angers. Her writings, consisting of poems, novels, voyages, etc., are voluminous. D. 1880.

Haight, (REV. BENJAMIN I., S.T.D., LL.D.,) clergyman; Prof. of Theology in General Theological Seminary, New York, and assistant rector of Trinity Parish; declined the bishopric of Mass.; b. in N. Y. 1809, d. 1879.

Hainan', a large island in the Chia Sea, constituting a dept. in the Chinese prov. of Kwang-tung, about 180 m. 1. and 100 w. The pop. is about 2,500,000.

Hainaut, or Hain'ault, (Ger. Hennegau,) a frontier prov. of Belgium; area 1,437 sq. m., pop. 1,065,881. The principal rivers are the Haine-from which the province has its name-the Scheldt, the Dendre, and the Sambre, the last a tributary of the Meuse. The principal town is Mons.

He was

Hain'burg, or Haim'burg, a small but old and interesting town of Austria. Among its notable edifices are the town-house, with a Roman altar, a tower, called the Roman tower, with the supposed statue of Attila, and on the summit of the Castle Hill the remains of a castle, destroyed in 1596, when its powder-magazine was struck by lightning. Pop. 4,857. Haines, (DANIEL,) lawyer, b. 1801, d. 1877. graduated at the Coll. of New Jersey 1820, was admitted to the bar 1823, settled in Hamburg, N. J., to practice 1824, was elected a member of the N. J. Council (now Senate) 1837, and in 1843 he was chosen governor and chancellor of the State, and in his term proclaimed the new constitution and did much to improve the condition of the public schools and establish the N. J. State Normal School. He was reelected governor for a three yrs.' term 1847; was a judge of the N. J. Supreme Court 1852-66.

Haight, (HENRY HUNTLEY,) lawyer, Gov. of Calif. 1867-71; U S. District Judge of Calif.; b. in N. Y. 1825, d. 1878. Hail. The word H., in English, is unfortunately used to denote two phenomena of apparently different origin. In French we have the terms grèle and grésel—the former of which is H. proper; the latter denotes the fine grains, like small shot, which often fall in winter, much more rarely in summer, and generally precede snow. The cause of the latter seems to be simply the freezing of rain-drops as they pass in their fall through a colder region of air than that where they originated. We know by balloon ascents and various other methods of observation that even in calm weather dif- Hair, including bristles, wool, fur, etc., is a modification ferent strata of the atmosphere have extremely different of the epidermis, and consists essentially of nucleated par. temperatures, a stratum far under the freezing-point being ticles. An ordinary H. consists of a shaft and a bulb.

Hain'ichen, a town of Saxony, 28 m. W.-S.-W. of Dresden, on a tributary of the Mulde. Wool-spinning, weaving, and the manufacture of cloth are carried on. Pop. 8,500.

by logwood and sulphate of iron, (copperas.) Perfectly white horse-hair can be dyed various colors, and is well adapted to receive the brighter ones, hence it has been much used of late yrs. to produce ornamental hair-cloths. The weaving of horse-hair cloth is different from that of other tissues, in consequence of the shortness of the hair, which, for the same reason, can only be used for the weft, except in the open or sieve cloth, which is only made in small squares for the sievemakers. Each hair has to be worked singly, and the loom requires two persons to work it. The warp used is either worsted, cotton, or linen yarn-generally the last. When the web is completed it is dressed by calendering, which gives & smooth and glossy surface.

The shaft is that part which is fully formed, and projects beyond the surface. If we trace it to the skin we find it rooted in a follicle in the cutis or true skin, even in the connective or cellular tissues beneath it. This follicle is bulbous at its deepest part, like the H. which it contains, and its sides are lined with a layer of cells continuous with the epidermis. The H. grows from the bottom of the follicle, and the cells of the deepest stratum gradually enlarge as they mount in the soft bulb of the H., which owes its size to this circumstance. Hs., in Bot., are very different from the Hs. of animals, although there is sometimes a considerable general resemblance, and the same purpose of protection from cold and from various atmospheric influences seems also to be sometimes served by them. They are produced by Hair-pow'der, a pure white powder, made from pulverno special organ analogous to the bulbs from which the Hs. ized starch, scented with violet or some other perfume, and of animals grow, but are composed of cellular tissue, arise at one time very extensively used for powdering over the from the epidermis, and are covered with extensions of the head. The strange fashion of using H. is said to have origi cuticle. Some Hs. consist of a single elongated cell; some of nated from some of the ballad-singers at the fair of St. Gerseveral cells placed end to end. The gradations are quite main, in France, whitening their heads, to render themselves indefinite between the most elongated H. and the mere warts more attractive. Introduced into Great Britain, the fashion or rugosities which often appear on the surface of plants. became universal among the higher and middle classes, and In like manner Hs. pass into bristles and prickles, which are by ladies as well as gentlemen. To make the powder hold, merely stronger and harder Hs.; but spines or thorns are to- the hair was usually greased with pomade, and accordingly tally different, arising from the wood of the stem or branch. the fashion was extremely troublesome. An act of Parliament Haircloth. See HAIR MANUFACTURES. decreed that the fine dust of which the powder was comHair-dress'ing. As a matter of convenience, as well posed should be made from starch alone; and we learn from as of taste and fashion, the dressing of the hair has received the Gentleman's Magazine that on Nov. 20, 1746, 51 barbers much attention in all civilized nations, ancient and modern. were convicted before the Commissioner of Excise at London The growth of hair on the sides and lower part of the male and fined £20 each for having in their keeping H. not made face has caused some perplexity in management, and as a of starch, contrary to act of Parliament. method of overcoming the difficulty shaving has been resort- Hair-spring, in a watch, is that delicate, fine, spiral ed to, although at the sacrifice of what nature gives to dis-steel wire which gives motion to the balance-wheel. So tinguish the male from the female countenance, and also to slight are some springs of this sort that it takes 4,000 to protect the respiratory organs. The Jews, by the script- weigh an ounce. ural law, were enjoined not to shave. The Romans shaved, Hair-tail, (Trichiurus,) a genus of acanthopterous fishand so did their immediate successors, the Romanized Brit-es, which, on account of their compressed and very elongated The Saxons and Danes did not shave, and wore long form, have been classed in the Ribbon-fish family, but are hair. The Normans shaved, but they, too, adopted long hair otherwise allied to the mackerel, tunny, etc., and are therefore, as a fashion, and from them, and the more modern French, in recent systematic works, referred to the family Scomberida. the courtiers and cavaliers of the 17th c. adopted the prac- The dorsal fin extends along the whole back, and is spiny tice of wearing those flowing "love-locks" which excited the throughout; there are no ventral fins, no scales, and no tail ire of the Puritans. It is, however, in the management of fin, the tail ending in a single elongated filament, the anal fin ladies' hair that the art of the professional hair-dresser is very long. mainly exercised.

ons.

Haj'duk, or Hai'duck, (from an Hungarian word meaning drover, cowherd,) is the name for the population of a district in the eastern part of Hungary. The H. are direct descendants of those warriors who, during the long and bloody contest between the House of Hapsburg and the Protestant insurgents of Hungary, formed the nucleus of Prince Stephen Bocskay's valiant armies. The H. enjoyed privileges of nobility and immunities from taxation ever since 1505, in which yr. the whole tract of land they are in possession of to the present day was given them by the above-named munificent prince. Notwithstanding repeated attempts made by the Austrian government against their privileges, the H. retained the peculiar organization of their district until after the disastrous issue of the struggle in 1848-49, when they were reduced to the same level with the so-called hereditary provinces of the empire. At the dawn of the Reformation the H. were among the first to adopt Calvin's doctrines. They number 70,000, forming "six towns." The political chief of the district bears the title of captain.

Hair Dyes. Various means have been adopted for changing the natural color of the hair to a more favored one, and for hiding the approaches of age, as indicated by the presence of gray hairs. These usually consist in washing the hair with a solution of some metallic salt known to have the effect of darkening its color. These are the salts or oxides of silver, mercury, lead, and bismuth. The most perfect mode of dyeing the hair, however, is that of previously preparing it by a complete soaking with a solution of sulphide of potassium; the strength of the solution must depend on the depth of tint intended to be given; the stronger the solution the darker the color will be. When thoroughly wetted, the hair is allowed to dry partially; and while still damp it is to be again thoroughly wetted with a solution of nitrate of silver, also proportioned in strength by the same rule as in the case of the solution first applied. This makes a very permanent dye, which only requires renewing as the new growth of hair becomes conspicuous. The fashion of dyeing the hair is very ancient, and belongs as much to savage as to Ha'ji, or Hag'ge, (Arab. "pilgrimage," emphatically, civilized nations; but in case of the former vegetable dyes pilgrimage to the Kaaba or temple of Mecca,) which every have been chiefly used, and the ladies of China and other Mohammedan, male or female, whose means and health perEastern countries also resort to the same; the juice of the mit, is bound to perform once at least in his life, otherwise petals of Hibiscus Trionum, the Bladder Ketmia, and proba-"he or she might as well die a Jew or a Christian." Mobly other species of Hibiscus, is in general use with them. hammed, after many fruitless attempts to abolish altoThe detection of stained hair is sometimes an object of med-gether the old custom of pilgrimage-prevalent among most ico-legal investigation. Lead may be detected by boiling the hair in diluted nitric acid, and then applying the tests for lead to the acid solution; while the presence of silver may be shown by digesting the hair in dilute hydrochloric acid or chlorine water, when the resulting chloride of silver may be dissolved out with a solution of ammonia, and submitted to the ordinary tests for silver.

Hair Manufact'ures. These consist of fabrics woven or felted of various kinds of hair, brushes made of particular kinds of hair, and ornamental hair-work. The most important is the horse-hair cloth so extensively used for covering the seats of chairs, couches, and other articles of furniture; this is made of long hair of horses' tails. As the hair is of such various colors, it is necessary to dye all the darker shades so as to produce a uniform glossy black; this is done

people in ancient, and some even in modern times, and perhaps arising from an innate, instinctive traveling propensity, but not unfrequently fraught with mischievous consequences -was compelled finally to confirm it, only taking care to annul its idolatrous rites, and to destroy the great number of ancient idols around Mecca. The 12th month of the Mohammedan yr., the Dhulhajja, is the time fixed for the celebration of the solemnities, and the pilgrims have to set out for their journey one or two months before, according to the respective distances they have to traverse. They first assemble at certain variously appointed places near Mecca, in the beginning of the holy month, and the commencement of the rites is made by the male pilgrims here first putting on the Ihram, or sacred habit, which consists of two woolen wrappers-one around their middle, and the other around their