The Developmental Neurotoxicity of LeadSpringer Science & Business Media, 06.12.2012 - 150 Seiten Over the past two millennia environmental lead levels have risen dramatically (Patterson, 1980). Most of this increase has occurred since the beginning of the present century (Murozami et 01. , 1969), and taken into perspective, a typical individual living in the industrialized world sustains a lead burden 500 times that of his prehistoric ancestors (Patterson, 1983). Lead is unique in being an environmental pollutant where the levels deemed clinically toxic are less than an order of magnitude from those that are normally encountered in the population. The clinical limit for lead exposure, 70 JLg Pb/tOO ml blood, is about three times the 'normal' value (in the range 15-30 JLg Pb/100ml blood). This small difference is remarkable from the toxicological standpoint. The key concept here is control of dis persal. The industrial actions of man bring contact with a wide variety of substances, some of which are poisonous or dangerous. In such cases pro tective measures are taken to keep hazardous exposure to a minimum. In the of lead compounds, stringent regulations are production and distribution enforced. The exception to this is in the dispersal of lead from vehicle exhausts following purchase from the petrol pump. Perhaps man's long standing acquaintance with lead in home and industry is responsible for a complacency which until only recently has been unquestioned. Beginning in the late 1960s, evidence began to accumulate suggesting that lead at relatively low levels of exposure might be causing negative effects on neurobiological function. |
Inhalt
1 | |
Lead and man | 17 |
Experimental models of lead administration | 33 |
The behavioural effects of lead | 53 |
The neurochemical effects of lead | 75 |
The morphological effects of lead | 101 |
Discussion | 123 |
131 | |
155 | |
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Häufige Begriffe und Wortgruppen
1979 Silbergeld Acetate in drink acetate Lead acetate acetylcholine acid activity adenylate cyclase altered behaviour birth till day blood lead levels capillary catecholamine cell cerebellum cerebral cortex change Decreased change No change clinical Cortex days No change Decreased Decreased Decreased No change diet from birth dopamine doses of lead drink from birth Dubas and Hrdina effects of lead encephalopathy enzyme experimental Forebrain Govoni haemorrhage high dose hippocampus Holtzman hyperactivity Krigman and Hogan Lead acetate Lead lead carbonate lead encephalopathy lead exposure lead intoxication lead poisoning lead-dosed animals lead-exposed lead-induced lead-treated levels of lead maternal diet maternal drink maternal rats McConnell and Berry Memo metabolism mg/kg mice Modak myelin neonate rats neonates neurochemical neuronal neurotoxicity neurotransmitter Nucleus accumbens p.o. to neonates Pentschew and Garro postnatal ppm Pb Purkinje cell reported Reyners Silbergeld and Goldberg Sobotka Striatum Substantia nigra Toxicol undernutrition uptake weaning weeks No change Zenick