Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity

Akkad Akkadian ancient mastics Andrae Arabian asphaltic bitumen asphaltic crude oil Asphaltites Assyrian Babylon Babylonian bitumen bitumen content Bitumen in Antiquity bituminous limestone bituminous mastic bituminous materials bituminous mortar bituminous rocks brickwork Bur-Sin burning Burnt bricks clay coal consisting containing crude oil Dead Sea Diodor Dioscorides distillation Egypt Egyptian embankment excavations fibrous material filler floor Greek Fire gypsum heating important Instit joints kind known lime liquid loam loam mortar mastic Mastic layer mentioned Mesopotamia method mineral matter mixed mixture of bitumen modern Mohenjo Daro mortar mummies Museum naphtha native asphalts Neo-Babylonian obtained occurs paint period petroleum Photo plaster Pliny primitive probably pure bitumen purposes Pyrobitumens quantities reed references region resin river rock asphalt Roman samples sand says seepages similar stone Strabo substances sulphur Sumerian surface deposits Table Tell Asmar temple texts Vitruvius wall waterproofing wood wood tar XVI cap XXXV zône