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PLATE I

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London Published by Thomas Tegg 73. Cheapside April 1 1827.

J.Shury Sculp

definition. A word is said to be primitive, when it is taken from no other word in the language in which it is used: thus, heaven, king, good, are primitive words; but heavenly, kingdom, goodness, &c. are derivatives. Besides these accidents, which are common to all sorts of words, each particular species has its accidents: thus the accidents of the noun substantive are the gender, declension, and number; and the adjective has the accident of comparison. See the articles GRAMMAR and LANGUAGE.

ACCIDENT, in heraldry, an additional point or mark in a coat of arms, which may be either omitted or retained without altering the essence of the armour, such as abatement, difference, and tincture.

ACCIDENT, among physicians, is sometimes used for what is more generally called symptom. ACCIDENT ABSOLUTE is a term used in the Roman Catholic theology for an accident, which subsists, or may possibly subsist, at least miraculously, and by some supernatural power, without a subject; such as the colour, flavour, figure and taste of the bread and wine in the eucharist, which remain after these elements, as it is stated, are changed into flesh and blood! The Cartesian Catholics, whose philosophy leads them to deny the existence of absolute accidents, have laboured hard, but in vain, to reconcile their philosophical with their religious tenets.

ACCIDENTS, in astrology, denote the most extraordinary occurrences in the course of a man's life: such as, a remarkable instance of good fortune, a signal deliverance, a great sickness, &c. Also certain casual dispositions, and affections, of the planets, whereby they are supposed to be either strengthened, or weakened, by their being in such a house of the figure.

ACCIDENTAL COLOURS, in optics, are those which depend upon the affections of the eye, in contradistinction to those which belong to the light itself. The impressions made upon the eye, by looking steadfastly at a particular colour, are various, according to the single colour, or combination of colours in the object; and they continue for some time after the eye is withdrawn, and give a false colouring to other objects. The Count de Buffon has endeavoured to trace the connections, which these accidental colours have with such as are natural, in a variety of instances. The subject has also been considered by De la Hire and M. Epences: and M. d'Arcy has contrived a machine for determing the duration of the effects of light, and after several trials, finds that it continues about eight thirds of a minute.

ACCIDENTAL POINT, in perspective, is that point in the horizontal line where the projections of two lines parallel to each other meet the perspective plane.

ACCIPENSER, in ichthyology, a genus o. fishes, belonging to the order of Nantes, and class Amphibia, in the Linnæan system. It has a single linear nostril: the mouth in the under part of the head, contain no teeth; and the cirri are below the snout, and before the mouth. There are three species of this genus, viz. the 1. ACCIPENSER HUO. 2. ACCIPENSER RUTHENUS, this has been called also ACCIPESIUS,

and ONISCOS by Greek writers. 3. ACCIPENSER STURIO, or the sturgeon.

ACCIPITER, in ichthyology, a name given by Gellius, and some authors, to the fish milvus and lucerna. It is a species of the trigla; with the head a little acculeated, and with a singular fin, placed near the pectoral fins.

ACCIPITER, in the Linnæan system of zoology, the name of the first order of birds, the distinguishing character of which, is, their having a crooked beak. Of this order there are four the vultur, falco, strix, and lanius, and seventytwo species. See ZOOLOGY.

genera:

ACCIPITER, in Roman antiquity and ornithology, the hawk, which, from its carnivorous nature, and its frequenting fields of battle, they considered as a bird of bad omen. Pliny, however, tells us, that in some cases, particularly in marriage, it was esteemed a bird of good omen, because it never eats the hearts of other birds; intimating thereby, that no differences in a marriage state ought to reach the heart. The accipiter was worshipped as a divinity by the inhabitants of Tentyria, an island in the Nile, being considered by them, from the sharpness of its sight, as the image of the sun; and hence we find that luminary represented, in hieroglyphics, under the figure of a hawk.

ACCIPITRINA, in botany, the hawk-weed, called also flix-weed, and sophia chirurgorum. ACCISMUS, аккɩσμoç, à feigned refusal of something which a person earnestly desires: supposed to be formed from Acco, the name of a foolish old woman, famous in antiquity for an affectation of this kind. Accismus is sometimes considered as a virtue, sometimes as a vice, which Augustus and Tiberius practised with great sucCromwell's refusal of the crown of England may be brought as an instance of an accismus. It is used in rhetoric, as a species of irony.

cess.

ACCITE', v. Ad: cico, anciently cico citum, to move to, to stir, to summon. Obsolete. See CITE.

When the place was redy, the kyng and the queene were accited, by Docter Sampson, to appere before the legates, at the forenamed place, the twentie and eight day of May. Hall, p. 756.

A nobler man, a brauer warrior,

Liues not this day within the city walles.
He by the senate is accited home
From weary warres against the barbarous Gothes.
Shakspeare's Tit. And. p. 31, act i. sc. 2.
Our coronation done, we will accite
(As I before remember'd) all our state;
And (heav'n consigning to my good intents)
No prince, no peer, shall have just cause to say,
Heav'n shorten Harry's happy life one day.

Shakspeare's Henry IV.

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Merchant, have also been ascribed to him. His style has been censured as harsh; but he was so much esteemed by the public, that a comedian was punished for only mentioning his name on the stage.

AccIus, an orator, of Pisaurum, against whom Cicero defended Cluentius.-Also a poet of the sixteenth century, on whom Julius Scalibestows great ecomiums. ACCLAIM', v. Ad: clamo, to cry aloud ACCLAIM', n. to; to give a shout of enACCLAMATION, Scouragement and approba

ger

tion.

It hath been the custom of Christian men, in token
of the greater reverence, to stand, to utter certain
words of acclamation; and, at the name of Jesus, to
bow.
Hooker, b. v. sec. 29.

Gladly then he mix'd
Among those friendly pow'rs, who him receiv'd
With joy and acclamations loud, that one
That (of so many myriads fall'n) yet one

Return'd, not lost. Milt. Parad. Lost, b. vi. 1. 23.

Such an enchantment is there in words; and so
fine a thing does it seem to some, to be ruined
plausibly, and to be ushered to their destruction with
South.
panegyrick and acclamation.
Back from pursuit thy pow'rs, with loud acclaim,
Thee only extoll'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii. 1. 397.
The herald ends; the vaulted firmament
With loud acclaims and vast applause is rent.
Dryden's Fables.

ANGUS. Thou shalt be crowned :-
An iron crown, intensely hot, shall gird
Thy hoary temples; while the shouting crowd
Acclaims thee king of traitors.

Smollet's Regicide, act v. sc. 8. ACCLAMATION, ACCLAMATIO, in Roman antiquity, a shouting of certain words in a loud chant or peculiar and regulated tone, by way of praise or dispraise. The acclamations have been distinguished from applauses, as the former were given by the voice, the latter, by the hands; acclamation also was bestowed on persons absent, applause only on those present. They were of various kinds: ecclesiastical, military, nuptial, senatorial, synodical, scholastic, theatrical, &c. besides musical and rythmical acclamations; acclamations of joy and respect, and even of reproach and contumely. Sometimes the former were Laudationes et bona vota, or good wishes; the latter, Execrationes et convicia. Suetonius furnishes an instance of this last in the Roman senate, on occasion of the decree for demolishing the statues of Domitian, when the senators could not refrain from contumelious acclamations against the deceased. The like were uttered after the death of Commodus. Acclamations were repeated sometimes a greater, sometimes a lesser, number of times On the theatres, in the earliest ages of the commonwealth, they were artless and little more than confused shouts. Afterwards they became a sort of regular concerts. That mentioned by Phædrus which was made for Augustus, and proved the occasion of a pleasant mistake of a flute-player called Princeps, shows that musical acclamations were in use in that emperor's reign. Nero, passionately fond of music, took special care to improve and perfect the music of acclamations. When he played on the theatre, at the signal by

clapping, 5000 soldiers began to chant his praise, which the spectators were obliged to repeat. The whole was conducted by a musicmaster. The honour of acclamations was chiefly rendered to emperors, their children and favourites; and to the magistrates who presided at the games. Persons of distinguished merit also sometimes received them, of which Quintilian gives us instances in Cato and Virgil. The most usual forms were, Feliciter! Longiorum vitam! Annos felices! The actors themselves, and they who gained the prizes in the games of the circus, were not excluded the honour of acclamations.

Military acclamations were those of the soldiers and the people in the time of triumph. The victorious army accompanied the general to the capital; and, among the verses they sung in his praise, frequently repeated Io TRIUMPHE, which the people answered in the same strain. They also gave their general the title of Imperator after some notable victory; a title which he Those of only kept till his triumph was over. the senate were usually given after a report made by some senator, to which the rest expressed their consent crying OMNES! OMNES! or else, EQUUM EST! JUSTUM EST! Sometimes they began with acclamations, and sometimes ended with them without any debate. It was in this manner that all the elections and proclamations of emperors were conducted; something of which practice is still retained in the Vivat Rer! Vive le Roi! and Long live the King! of modern times.

The Greeks borrowed the custom of receiving their emperors in the public places from the Romans. Their form was Ayaon Tuxn! good luck. Luitprand relates, that at a procession where he was present, they sung to the emperor Nicephorus, oλa εrn! that is, many years. Plutarch mentions an acclamation so loud, upon occasion of Flaminius's restoring liberty to Greece, that the very birds fell from heaven with the shout. The Turks practise something like this on the sight of their emperors and grand viziers to this day. The form among the Jews, was, hosannah.

As for the acclamations wherewith authors, poets, &c. were received, who recited their works in public, among the Romans; the assemblies were held with great parade in the capitol, temples, the Athenæum, or the houses of great men. Invitations were sent every where, to get the greater appearance. Men of fortune, who pretended to wit, kept able applauders in their service, and lent them to their friends. Others endeavoured to gain them by presents and treats. Philostratus mentions one, who lent money to men of letters, and forgave the interest to such as applauded his exercises. These acclamations were conducted much after the same manner as those on the theatre; but, they were suited both to the subject and to the person. There were particular ones for philosophers, for orators, for historians, and for poets. One of the most usual forms was Sophos, repeated three times. Martial comprehends several other forms in this verse: Graviter! Cito! Nequiter! Euge! Beate! Acclamations were, in process of time, received

into the acts of councils, and the ordinary assemblies of the church. The bishops, it is clear, were long elected by acclamation. The people expressed their approbation of the preacher variously, calling him, Orthodox! Third Apostle ! &c. These acclamations being sometimes carried to excess, and often misplaced, were frequently prohibited by the ancient doctors, and at length abrogated; though they appear to have been in some use as late as the time of St. Bernard.

ACCLAMATION MEDALS, among antiquaries, such as represent the people expressing their joy in the posture of acclamation.

ACCLIVITY, Ad: clivus, to the hill-top. The slope of the hill reckoned upwards, opposed to the declivity. Figuratively, that which takes an ascending course.

The men (of the Alps,) leaving their wives and younger children below, do (not without some difficulty) clamber up the acclivities, dragging their kine with them; where they feed them, and milk them, and make butter and cheese, and do all the dairywork. Ray on the Creation. ACCLIVITY, in fortification, the talus of a rampart; or, more strictly, the steepness or slope of any work reckoned upwards. James. ACCLIVUS, in anatomy, a muscle, otherwise called obliquus ascendens abdominis. ACCLOY' or CLOY. See CLOY.

But better is, that a wights tong rest,
Than entermete him of soch doing,
Of which he neither rede can nor sing,
And who so it doth, full foule him self acloyeth,
For office, uncommitted, oft anoyeth.

Chaucer, fol. 247, col. 3.

As then, no winde at all there blew,
No swelling cloude accloid the aire;
The skie, like grasse (glasse) of watchet hew,
Reflected Phoebus golden hair.

Spenser's Elegy upon Astrophile.
At the well-head the purest streams arise:
But mucky filth his branching arms annoys,
And with uncomely weeds the gentle wave accloys.
Faerie Queene.

The mouldy moss which thee accloyeth. Spens. Shep. Kal. Feb. 135. ACCLOYED, among farriers, a horse's foot pricked in shoeing.

ACCOIL', or COIL. See COIL.

About the cauldron many cooks accoil'd, With hooks and ladles, as need did require; The while the viands in the vessel boil'd, They did about their business sweat, and sorely toil'd. Faerie Queene, ACCOLA, in antiquities, a person who lived near a place; in distinction from incola, the inhabitant of a place. Thus the verse: Accola non propriam, propriam colit incola serram.

ACCOLADE, Lat. from ad, to, and collum, the neck. A ceremony used in the conferring of knighthood. Some suppose it to have been the embrace, or kiss, which princes anciently gave the new knight, as a token of their affection; q. d. a clasping, or taking round the neck. An ingenious author will rather have it to-be a blow on the neck; in imitation of that practised among the Romans, in the manumission of their slaves, VOL. I.

when it is known a blow was given. John of Salisbury assures us, the blow was used among the Normans; and that William the Conqueror, thus conferred the honour of knighthood on his son Henry. At first, it was given with the naked fist, but was afterwards changed into a stroke with the flat of the sword, on the shoulder of the knight.

ACCOLADE, or ACCOLE'E, is also used in heraldry, to express the position of two things joined together, as two shields divided at the flanks; or lions, dogs, and other animals, which have collars or crowns about their necks. English heralds ordinarily say, collared, or gorged with an open crown, instead of accolée. Others use the term accolée, when two keys, battoons, maces, swords, &c. are saltier-wise, behind the shields.

ACCOLADE, in music, a line drawn perpendicularly next the margin, by which all the different parts of a composition are joined together in score.

ACCOLTI, (Bernardo,) secretary to the republic of Florence, surnamed L'Unico, or the and learning, and the excellency of his poetic Nonsuch, from the great extent of his genius vein; which not only gained him a seat among the academicians of the court of Urbino, but made Pope Leo X. in 1520, create him prince of the state of Nepi. He wrote a comedy, Virginie, and other beautiful poems, which were printed at Venice, in 1519. His father was an eminent civilian of Arezza, who wrote De Billo à Christianis contra Barbaros gesto, &c. from which Tasso is said to have derived the plot of his Jerusalem Delivered.

ACCOMACK, a county of Virginia, North America, on the Chesapeake Bay, bounded N. by Maryland, and E. by the Atlantic. It contains a population of about 14,000. ACCOMMODATE, v. & adj. ACCOMMODATELY, ACCOMMODATENESS,

ACCOMMODATION,

ACCOMMODATOR.

Ad: commodum, to >the advant

age; to as

sist, oblige, supply, reconcile, adapt, adjust, or lend. The indefinite use of this word is thus ridiculed by Shakspeare.

Accommodated, that is, when a man is, as they say, accommodated; or when a man is being, whereby he may be thought to be accommodated; which is an excellent thing. 2 Hen. IV. act iii. sc. 2.

But sithens it, [sc. speaking in praise of the dead] hath bene approued and allowed of a long tyme, that it ought to be this, done it becommeth me obeyuge to the lawe, to accommodate and apply my spekynge to the opynyo and wille of every one of you, the most that I maye.

Thucidides, by Tho. Nicolls, Lon. 1550,

Will you present and accommodate it to the gentleman.

Poetaster, iii. 4,

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