374. daunts, subdues (by fear).

376. peers, noblemen.

381. eftsoons, forthwith, immediately.

382. affrayed, frightened.

383. dight, provided. pardé, French par Dieu. 389. imbrued, covered.

393. whilom, formerly, once.

398. forehewed, hewed to pieces.

399. targe, shield.

401. Debate, dispute, contest, war.

402. fillet, a band for tying about the hair.

405. Darius, king of Persia 521-486 B. C.

army.

407. Macedo,

Alexander the great

B. C.), king of Macedonia. 69. 409. daunted, subdued.

power,

(356-323

410-418. Hannibal (247-183 B. C.), a famous Carthaginian general, among whose victories against the Romans are those of the Trebia, of Lake Trasimene, and of Cannæ. At Cannæ the Roman consul Paulus was killed. Hannibal was finally defeated by Scipio Africanus Major, at Zama, in 202 B. C.

419. Cæsar Pompey. The civil war be tween Julius Cæsar and Pompey was ended by the total defeat of Pompey at Pharsalia in 48 B. C.

423. Sulla and Marius. The civil war between the Romans Marius and Sulla began in 88 B. C. 425. Cyrus, the Great (d. 529 B. C.), founded the Persian empire.

428. Xerxes (c. 519-464 B. C.), king of Persia. 432. Thebes, a city in Boeotia, Greece, destroyed by Alexander the Great.

433. Tyrus, Tyre, despoiled by Alexander the Great.

440. Priam, king of Troy. 441. lin, restrain myself.

442. sith, since.

445. quail, fall.

449. Hector, son of Priam.

35. honest, virtuous.

72. a. 2. charge, duty, office.

5. Paul's Cross, a cross situated near the northeast angle of old St. Paul's, in the churchyard. From it great public assemblies were addressed and sermons preached. The Paul's Cross Sermons' are still preached on Sunday morning.

13. Louvain, a city in the province of Brabant, Belgium. Religious books were often printed here. 14. wink, close the eyes.

25. St. Paul saith, Galatians, v, 19ff.

57. canons, ecclesiastics retained for the performance of divine service in a cathedral or collegiate church. Morte Arthur, a compilation of prose romances on the life and death of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, translated largely from French romances by Sir Thomas Malory and printed by Caxton in 1485. See p. 19.

b. 6. shifts, tricks. Sir Launcelot, 'Launcelot of the Lake,' one of the most famous of the knights of the Round Table, who guiltily loved Arthur's queen, Guinevere.

6-7. Wife of King Arthur, Guinevere.

7. Sir Tristram, of Lyonesse, another famous

20. Dixit insipiens in corde suo no est Deus, The fool hath said in his heart there is no God,' Psalm. xiv, I.

29. Triumphs of Petrarch, an allegorical work by the celebrated Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374).

31. Tully's Offices. Marcus Tullius Cicero (10643 B. C.) was a famous Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher. The work here referred to is his De Officiis (On Duties).

32. Boccaccio (1313-1375), eminent Italian writer, author of The Decameron, a collection of 100 tales.

45. Whether, which.

50. general councils, composed of bishops and theologians from different nations, convened to consider questions of church doctrine, discipline, and the like.

53. Luther, Martin Luther (1483-1546), leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.

b. 2. epicures, those who held the opinions of the Greek philosopher Epicurus (342-270 B. C.), who taught that pleasure is the only possible end of rational action and that ultimate pleasure is freedom.

22. list, like, choose.

23. Mysteries of Moses, the rites of the Jewish religion instituted by Moses. See the Book of Leviticus. Law and ceremonies. See Deuteronomy.

29. Horace, Roman poet (65–8 B. C.). Quotation from Satires, i, 5, 100.

51. Pygius, Pighius (1490-1542), a theologian whose writings were opposed by Calvin. Machiavelli (1469-1527), celebrated Italian statesman and author. He was imprisoned and put to the torture on suspicion of conspiring against Giovanni de Medici, but was released and after retiring to his country estate wrote The Prince. His name is synonymous with all that is cunning and unscrupulous in diplomacy.

74. a. 3-6. where Christ's doctrine regard, Germany.

16. lust, desire.

17. pantocle, a slipper.

.

special

JOHN LYLY: EUPHUES AND HIS ENGLAND 76. a. 4. This queen. Mary was queen from 1553 to 1558.

5. age of twenty-two years. At her accession to the throne, in 1558, Elizabeth (born 1533) was actually twenty-five years of age.

8. a prisoner. Queen Mary had imprisoned Elizabeth in the Tower of London. Prince, used properly, by extension of meaning, to designate a royal personage of either sex.

28. Zeno, a philosopher of Elea (born c. 488 B. C.), was mentioned in classical times as an ample of patience.

ex

29. Eretricus, apparently Lyly's own invention. 30. Lycurgus, either the Spartan legislator (9th century B. C.), or the Athenian orator (c. 396-c. 323 B. C.).

b. 9. spill, destroy.

10. proffer, offer.

14. Aristides (d. 468 B. C.?), an Athenian general and politician, was exiled through the influ ence of his great rival, Themistocles.

16. Alexander. Lyly's reference is uncertain. 21. bills, requests.

23. resembling Julius Cæsar. There is no authority for this comparison.

33. government, reign.

35. racking, stretching.

77. a. 2. Antoninus (emperor of Rome 138-161 A. D.), surnamed Pius.'

12-13. gun that

was shot off. This was, for Lyly, a recent occurrence, of the summer of 1579. 24. close, secret.

29. in the whale's belly. An allusion to the story of Jonah. See Jonah i-ii.

31. in the hot oven. An allusion to the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. See Daniel iii. 40. list, please.

43. Theodosius, an allusion, perhaps, to the repentance of Theodosius I (c. 346-395), Emperor of the East, after his massacre of the rebels of Thessalonica in 390.

79. a. 4. gallery of Olympia. Reference to a famous echoing gallery at Olympia, in Greece.

34. curses of the Pope. Pope Pius V directed a bull of excommunication and deposition against Elizabeth in 1570.

b. 17. Alexander, the Great' (356-323 B. C.), king of Macedon. Galba (3 B. C.-69 A. D.), a Roman emperor.

20. queen of Navarre, Margaret d' Angouleme (1492-1549), queen of of Henry II Navarre. Elizabeth, while princess, translated a small book of religious meditations from the French of Margaret.

47. bird Attagen. The habits of this bird here recounted are vouched for by Pliny (23-79 A. D.), the celebrated Roman naturalist.

50. wade, go.

80. a. 21. weams, blemishes, scars.

SONG (FROM GALLATHEA)

1. O yes, O yes! A development from French oiez, hear ye,' a summons to court.

SIDNEY: AN APOLOGY FOR POETRY

81. a. 3. so long a career. Up to this point, Sidney has considered at length the nature and value of poetry, its superiority to history, and the kinds of poetry.

22. David. See, for example, 2 Samuel xxii. 23. Adrian, the emperor Hadrian (117-138 A. D.), who wrote both prose and verse. Sophocles, the Greek tragic poet (495?-406 B. C.). Germanicus (15 B. C.-19 A. D.), nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, took his name from Germany (Germania), where he distinguished himself in military service. He wrote prose and poetry.

26. Robert, King of Sicily, king of Naples, 1309– 1343. He wrote prose and poetry.

27. King Francis, Francis I (1515-1547), a gen. erous patron of letters.

b. 1. King James of Scotland, James I of Scotland (1405-1436). His King's Quair is a pleasant poem in the Chaucerian style.

2. Bembus, Pietro Bembo (1470-1547), a cardinal and papal secretary, wrote poetry and prose in both Latin and Italian. Bibiena, Bernardo da Bibbiena (1470-1520), one of the tutors of Pope Leo X. 3. Beza, Theodore Beza (1519-1605), a French Calvinistic controversialist, composed numerous

Latin poems.

4. Melanchthon, Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560), a German supporter of Luther, and a Latin poet. 5. Fracastorius, Hieronymus Fracastorius (14831553), an Italian poet, philosopher, and scientist. Scaliger, Julius Cæsar Scaliger (1484-1558) was an Italian literary critic. Sidney appears to have studied diligently his treatise on poetry.

6. Pontanus, Johannes Jovius Pontanus (14201503), an Italian, wrote both prose and distinguished poetry in Latin. Muretus, Marc Antoine Muret (1526-1585), a French orator, jurist, and poet.

7. George Buchanan (1506-1582), a distinguished Scotch Latinist.

9. Hospital of France, Michael de l'Hospital (1505-1573), a distinguished French lawyer and statesman, wrote numerous Latin poems.

22. when loudest. Chaucer, for example, served in the English army under Edward III (1327-1377).

24. over-faint quietness. Under Queen Elizabeth England had been at peace for some 25 years.

25. strew the house, a figure derived from the practice of strewing rushes on the floor.

27. mountebanks at Venice, peddlers of quack medicines, notorious at Venice. 82. a. 3. troubled

Mars. Vulcan, jealous over his wife, forged a net for her.

6. a piece of a reason, a considerable reason. 12. Epaminondas (418-362 B. C.), a Theban general and statesman, who began his career modestly but effectively as a sort of commissioner of sew

83. a. 11. Gorboduc, or Ferrex and Porrex, a trag. edy by Thomas Sackville (see p. 63) and Thomas Norton, was first acted in 1561.

15. Seneca's style. Lucius Annæus Seneca (c. 4 B. C.-65 A. D.), a Roman philosopher and writer of tragedies.

22. faulty both in place and time, i.e., a violation of the unity of place,' which required that all the action of a play occur in one place, and of the 'unity of time,' which required that the time represented by the action should not exceed one revolution of the sun.

27. Aristotle's precept. Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) was the most influential of Greek philosophers. The principles of dramatic writing are discussed in his Poetics.

53. traverses, difficulties.

b. 5. Eunuch in Terence. Terence (c. 185-c. 159 B. C.), a Roman comic poet. The Eunuchus is not the only play of Terence that violates the 'unity of time.'

10. Plautus

. . amiss. Plautus (died 184 B. C.), a Roman writer of comedies. We cannot be certain as to the particular play here referred to. 26. Calicut, the capital of Malabar, India. 27. Pacolet's horse, the magic horse of Pacolet, a dwarf in the French romance, Valentine et Orson. By turning a pin in the horse's head, the rider could convey himself instantly to any part of the world.

29. Nuntius. In Greek and Roman tragedy the catastrophe was not usually presented on the stage, but was reported by a messenger.

33. Horace, a Roman poet (65-8 B. C.), wrote a work called, The Art of Poetry.

34. Ab ovo means, from the remotest origin.' 38-53. Polydorus Euripides. Polydorus was the youngest son of Priam, king of Troy. The story is told in the Hecuba of Euripides, a Greek tragic poet (480-406 B. C.).

45. Hecuba, second wife of Priam, and mother of Polydorus.