Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts

Particular directions for refining crude faltpetre-by percolation-folution in boiling water-cryf-
tallization by cooling with agitation-wathing, draining, and drying. Great expedition, cheap-
nefs, and excellence of this method. Examination of other proceffes.

VI. On the Light emitted by fuperfaturated Borate of Soda, or common

Borax, By Mr. F. Accum

Borax, when struck, emits an uncommonly white flash.

VII. New Conftruction of the Air-pump.
Bart.

P. 28

By Sir George S. Mackenzie,
ib.

Air-pump with a folid pifton, both valves in the bottom of the barrel, and the valve from the re-
ceiver opened mechanically. Limits of effect in this pump, and alfo in those of Cuthbertson,
Prince, W. N. and Sadler.

VIII. On the Action of Nitre upon Gold and Platina. By Smithson Tennant,

Efq. F. R. S.
P. 30

Gold is diffolved in nitre by ftrong heat, and rendered partly foluble in water. When this metal
is diffolved in alkali, it is thrown down in the metallic ftate by nitre or nitrous acid, provided
these be partly deprived of oxygen. Platina is alfo foluble in ignited nitre, and rendered partly
foluble in water. Silver is fcarcely acted upon by nitre.

IX. An Account of the Caufes of Alteration injurious to the Quality of Corn,

and the Means of preventing this Change. By B. G. Sage, of the ci-devant

Academy of Sciences, Profeffor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the School

des Mines de la Monnoie

P. 31

When corn is housed without fufficient drying, it heats, ferments, and the elastic gluten is no longer
found; at the fame time that it lofes its vegetative and nutritive powers.

X. Description of an Apparatus for difengaging Oxygen Gas, and applying

it to the best Advantage. Conftructed by James Sadler, Efq. "Chemift to

the Admiralty. To which are added, Obfervations upon the Blow-pipe.

By W. N.

P. 33

Simple furnace for extricating oxygen, and for other general experiments. Apparatus for heating
the ftream of oxygen when ufed. Experiments on the denfity and velocity of air from the com-
mon blow-pipe. Deduction of the fize of bellows required to produce the fame effect. Obfer-
vations on the air-veffel of fire-engines, tending to fhow in what circumstances it may
be ap-
plied to blowing engines.

CONTENTS.

iii

XI. A fhort Account of the Life of Pelletier. Read at the public Sitting of

the National Institute of France, the 15th Vendemiare, in the year VI. by

Citizen Laffus, Secretary to the Clafs of Natural Philofophy and Mathe-

: matics

XII. Extracts from the Syftême du Monde of M. La Place

P. 37

P. 39

Irregular figure of the terreftrial meridian. Effects of planetary rotation. How the rotation may
have been caused by the original projectile impulfe. On pendulums. Laws of the rotation of a
planet, and its atmosphere. Formation of planets from the folar atmosphere. Probability.
and effects of a comet striking the earth. Indications that fuch an event has formerly hap
pened.

XIII. On the Preparation of the concrete Acid of Lemons. By Dizé, Apo-

thecary-in-chief to the French Army, charged with the Inspection of the

general Magazine of Medicines

P. 43

Scheele's process repeated in the large way. Theoretical remarks-affinities of the purified acid.

XIV. Useful Notices refpecting various Objects.-Governor for regulating

the Motions of Steam Engines-Amelioration of Oil

P. 46

Mr. Bunce of the admiralty invented the governor for steam engines-Different methods of purify-
ing oil.

New Publications

Smeaton's Reports, with an account of the Society of Civil Engineers.

P. 47

MAY 1798.

I. On the maintaining Power of Clocks and Watches

P. 49

Effential requifites in the maintaining power of a good time-piece. Caufes of irregularity and their

remedies. Escapements. Defcription of the crown-wheel efcapement. Its great antiquity;

advantages and defects. Anchor-pallets and fwing-wheel. Graham's dead-beat, in what re-

fpects beneficial. Horizontal efcapement; invented in 1704. Free efcapement, with a pallet

and detent for watches; invented in 1704. Free escapement, with a pallet and detent for watches;

invented in 1748 by Le Roy. Its good qualities. Variation adapted to a clock. Mudge's de-

tached escapement. Comparison of this with the pallet and detent. Detached escapement

of Cumming organized and published before that of Mudge. Adaptation of Mudge's invention

to a clock. A new escapement for a clock; requiring no oil, having no detent, nor action during

the time of repofe.

II. Copy of a Letter from Profeffor Wilfon, of Glasgow, on the Art of mul-

tiplying Copies of engraved Plates and Stamps in relief.

P. 60

The greatest difficulty of printing from glass plates arises from their fragility. It may be obviated by

cementing them to metal. Taffi's impreffions in glafs from engraved plates. Great utility of

fuch copies for printing. Copies of wood cuts by the fame method.

b 2

III. In-

III. Inftructions concerning the Manufacture of Steel and its Ufes. By, Van-

dermonde, Monge, and Berthollet, Published by Order of the Committee

of Public Safety

p. 64

Combustibility of iron. Reduction by charcoal. Combination of both. Crude iron; white and
grey. Forged iron. Steel. Natural fteel-how manufactured. Steel by cementation; defcrip-
tion of the processes for making it.

IV. Obfervations chemical and economical on various Subjects

P. 71

Mutual action of nitrous and hydrogen gas. The urine of animals which feed on vegetables does
not contain phosphoric but benzoic acid. On wooden bellows and the blowing cylinders of
iron. Separation of fea falt by fpontaneous evaporation.

V. An Analysis of the earthly Subftance from New South Wales, called

Sydneia, or Terra Auftralis. By Charles Hatchett, Efq. F. R. S. p. 72

Examination of two fpecimens of the Sydney Earth, obtained from Sir Jofeph Banks; one of which
was part of the very parcel formerly examined by Wedgwood. They did not exhibit the peculiar,
properties announced by that chemift, and were found to contain much filex, with alumine, car-
bonet of iron, and a small portion of water, or volatile matter, but no other fubftance. The
Sydney earth muft confequently be rejected.

VI. The Method of making ftrong artificial Magnets. By M. Coulomb

p. 80.

Method of the double touch. Improved by pinus. Particular inftructions for the method of M.

Coulomb.

Accum

VII. On the Separation of Argillaceous Earth from Magnefia. By Mr. F.

p. 83

Carbonate of ammoniac totally feparates the clay from a faturated marine folution, containing that
earth and magnesia.

VIII. Extracts from the Manufcripts of Leonard de Vinci.. With Remarks

by J. B. Venturi, Profeffor of Natural Philofophy at Modena, Member of

the Institute of Bologna, &c.

p. 84.

On the defcent of heavy bodies combined with the rotation of the earth. Hiftorical documents.
Experiment to fhew the earth's rotation. General effects of gravitation. Lunar, aftronomy. Cir-
culation of the ocean by heat. Theory of the earth. Combuftion. Statics. Enumeration of
the caufes which influence the quantities of water iffuing from an orifice. Law of circular, ed-
dies in water. On vifion. Military architecture. Various inftruments. The Greek fire. Pure
oil by maceration. Obfervations on method, &c.

IX. Obfervations and Experiments on the Formation of Sulphate of Soda,

or Glauber's Salt, in Salt Waters, at a Temperature beneath the freezing

Point of Water, and upon an eafy Method of difengaging all the dilique-

fcent Salts. By M. Green

P. 91

Sulphate either of alumine or of magnesia decompofe common falt, if at a temperature below
freezing. Methods of clearing falt-water of every foreign falt, but fulphate of lime, which is
not hurtful to the fubfequent process.

CONTENTS,

X. A Report made to the Council of Trade and Mines in Spain, on a new

Kind of Wood, for dyeing, named Paraguatan. By D. Dominique Gracia

Fernandez, Infpector of Coinage.

P 93

Examination of Paraguatan with acids, alkalis, alum, and other reagents, and in dyeing proceffes.
Its great utility.

Scientific News

P. 94

The government of France offer for sale the paintings, &c. of Italy. Account of the fociety of

civil engineers.

JUNE 1798.

I. Abstract of a Memoir on Camphor and the Camphoric Acid, read to the

First Class of the National Inftitute of France. By Bouillon La Grange

P. 97

Hiftorical facts. Proceffes for decompofing camphor-hy deftructive diftillation with clay-and
with alumnine. About one-third comes over in the form of a volatile oil, aromatic, yellow, eva-
porable, combinable with alkali, with alcohol, affording no precipitate by oxygenated muriatic
acid. Carbone remains in the retort, apparently combined with the alumine. Attempt to combine
a volatile oil with carbone.

H. Inftructions concerning the Manufacture of Steel, and its Ufes. By Van-

dermonde, Monge, and Berthollet. Published by Order of the Committee

of Public Safety. Concluded from Vol. ii. p. 70

p. 102

Procefs for making caft-fteel at Sheffield. Properties of the different kinds of fteel. Method
of diftinguishing teel from iron by a drop of weak acid. Whether carbone be the only addition
to iron in the feel-making procefs. Obfervations on hardening fteel. Manufacture of steel-
rollers. Degradation of steel and of cast-iron in the fire. Simple fufion with a vitreous flux will
not afford the English caft-fteel. Difference between tenacity and hardness.

III. An Enquiry concerning the Source of Heat which is excited by Friction.

By Benjamin Count of Rumford, F. R. S. M. R. I. A..

P. 106.

Great heat produced in boring brafs cannon. Enquiry whence it comes. Experiment fhews that
the capacity of the metallic chips for heat is not altered by the procefs. Defcription of an appa-
ratus in which heat was produced by the strong friction of a blunt borer against the bottom of
a cylindrical cavity in a mass of metal, Admeafurement of the heat. Repetitions of the experi-
ment, in which the air was prevented from communicating with the rubbed furface. The opera-
tion being performed under water, caufed two and a quarter gallons of that fluid to boil. Eftimate
of the total quantity of heat which was generated and of the number of wax candles which would
have afforded the fame quantity in the fame time. Reflections on the confequences to which
thefe experiments appear to point refpecting the existence of an igneous fluid or matter of heat.

VI. An Attempt to difcover the Genuineness and Purity of Drugs and Me-

dical Preparations. By Frederick Accum

P. 118.

Examination of faline fubftances. Sulphuric, nitrous, acetic, acetous, boracic, tartareaus, karabic.

and benzoic acids.

V. A:

CONTENTS.

V. A Model propofed for the Construction of a Satellitian, or Inftrument for

explaining the Phenomena of Jupiter and his Satellites, with an Account

of its Ufe. By the Rev. W. Pearfon, of Lincoln

p. 122

Construction of the inftrument. Rectification. Caufes of irregularity in the movements of Jupi-.
ter's fatellites. Enumeration of phenomena difplayed by the fatellitian. General remarks.

VI. Objections to the Opinion of Profeffor Spallanzani refpecting the Cause

of the Light of Natural Phosphori. Communicated to M John Fab-

broni, Sub-director of the Royal Museum of Florence. By M. Joachim

Carradori, M. D.

p. 132

Scheele was the first discoverer that water absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere. Glow-worms, lu-
minous flies, and fhining wood, give light under water, under oil, and in the barometric vacuum.
Luminous flies in oxygen: various obfervations and enquiries.

VII. Sketch of the Hiftory of Sugar, in the early Times, and through the

middle Ages. By W. Falconer, M. D. F. R. S. &c. &c.

P. 136

The fweet cane mentioned as an article of commerce by Ifaiah and Jeremiah. Various accounts of

fugar from authors before Chrift. Artificial preparation firft mentioned about A. D. 80, but doubt-

fully; certainly as a general practice about Tripoli, in Syria, in 1108.-Other authorities down to

the year 1170.

VIII. Experiments and Obfervations on the Effect of annealing a Plate of

Metal, confifting of fine or alloyed Gold, with one twenty-fourth Part of

Tin. By Mathew Tillet

p. 140

Account of Mr. Alcorne's Paper in the Philof. Tranf. for 1764, in which it is stated, the tin impairs
the malleability of gold very little, and that the univerfal opinion to the contrary was probably
founded on the prefence of arfenic. Preparatory experiment with fine gold and 4th tin, which-
proved confiderably brittle.

Accounts of Books

Philofophical Transactions. Count Rumford's Effays. Sheldrake on the Club Foot, &c.

P. 142

JULY 1798.

I. Memoir on a New Metallic Acid which exists in the Red Lead of Siberia.
By Vauquelin
p. 145

The red lead ore boiled with carbonate of potash affords the carbonate of lead, and a falt which was

decompofed by nitric acid, and afforded a peculiar acid. The fame ore gives its lead to diluted mu-

riatic acid, while the new acid is precipitated in a red powder. Characters by which this acid dif-

fers from that of molybdena, and alfo from uranium, titanium and tungften. It is reducible to a

grey, very hard, brittle, eafily cryftallizable in small needles, and not readily acidified by nitric

acid.

II. Far-

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