tion on a small scale profitable. The conclusion is that neither large-scale industry nor individual enterprise is necessarily the highest form of industrial development.Johan Hjort, Sociale Meddelelser, October, 1920. O. B. Y. Success Record of Delinquent Boys in Relation to Intelligence. This study furnishes data concerning the occupational grouping, success record, and intelligence of boys who had left Whittier State School during a period of two years. A positive general relationship between intelligence and success records for the whole group was indicated by a coefficient of correlation of .19. Considering the specific occupational groups, however, there was a wide variation of relationship indicated; i.e., from a positive correlation of .74 in the agricultural group to a negative correlation of -.51 in the case of those engaged in transportation. The study suggests that a more detailed classification of success record, an objective method of estimating degree of supervision afforded, a measure of vocational ability, as well as measurements of intelligence and temperament, must be devised before we can evaluate the importance of the various factors which bear on the probable success record. The present study indicates that intelligence is one of the important factors and should be considered in social diagnosis, with due consideration of supplementary factors.-Willis_W. Clark. (Pamphlet.) Whittier State School, Whittier, Cal. R. D. G. The Juvenile Delinquent. The two important facts of criminology are, first, that the present method of dealing with crime is a failure; second, that the habitual criminal always starts at an early age. The failure of the law to stay the development of habitual offenders is due to attempting to treat crime by a prearranged vindictive plan without any consideration of the cause or the individual. Crime is a form of conduct; the organ of conduct is the mind. How can it be possible to deal properly with a prisoner without studying his mind? Mental defect is pre-eminently the cause of crime. Juvenile delinquents may be divided into two groups, general and special. In the general group we may put those whose bad conduct can be explained on wellrecognized lines, e.g., some physical defect or illness, a bad home, the wrong occupation, or lack of training for any occupation at all. In the special group we put those for whom some form of mental analysis is necessary to detect the fundamental causes. For those who have graduated in misconduct, how can a few weeks of imprisonment, even if assisted by training, be sufficient to change the habits and wrong trends of thought that have existed for years. Lightning cures are scarcely ever possible. Reform usually means much hard work, both on the part of the offender and those in charge of him. Often the whole conditions must be changed to prevent persisting bad influence. Such influence may come from the present reputation, old associates, and even from the family attitude. For the prevention of juvenile delinquency social reform is one of the most important steps. The child must have opportunities to play and develop. A public park in every district is essential, but there must be supervision and organization.—W. A. Potts, School Hygiene, November, 1920. K. E. B. The Criminologist and the Courts.-Personality is the most diverse of the individual phenomena which must be dealt with in mental science. But all items in a personality analysis are not of equal value and it is therefore possible to make some classifications and groupings. The egocentric or paranoid-personality type includes a great diversity of qualities, the common characteristic being the exaggeratedly egocentric reaction. This classification is not based upon any physical or structural quality but is based entirely upon an analysis of behavior. On account of their resemblance to a group of mental diseases known as paranoia, the name of paranoid personality has been applied to this type. They are not to be considered feebleminded, insane, or mentally below par in the ordinarily accepted sense of that term. They are frequently endowed with average or even superior intelligence. Their success in plying their criminal trade often depends upon their ability to outwit honest citizens. In the Juvenile Court of Chicago practically all cases which fail on probation belong to this type. The defective delinquent is a mentally defective individual who conducts himself in some unusually offensive manner. The psychopathic criminal is an individual in which there exists a definite and positive trend toward some form of antisocial behavior. Under our present system of administering justice he is usually pronounced insane by the court and committed to a hospital for the insane. So long as criminal law determines these cases on the basis of responsibility and on the basis of property damage there will be difficulty in treating them adequately. The following recommendations are made: (1) Criminals and delinquents should not be committed to definite institutions, but to the guardianship of the state, to be under scientific direction of trained criminologists. (2) The treatment applied to the prisoners should be based upon their individual needs and the duration of the treatment depends upon their progress toward normalcy rather than upon their promises or upon their ability to conform to the discipline of any particular institution. Under a properly administered department of state guardianship it would be possible to transfer the wards of the state from one institution or occupation to another according to the need of each individual case. (3) The criminal, the insane, and the dependent should be legally declared minors until such time as they show that they have reached a state of maturity equivalent to adult age and are capable of managing their own affairs.-Herman M. Adler, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, November, O. B. Y. 1920. Early Anticipation of Prison Reform.-Recent years have brought prison reform into general view by such prison wardens as Thomas Mott Osborne, Tynan, and Homer. The Quakers of Pennsylvania had already undertaken the initial effort between 1776 and 1790. They had as a guide and inspiration the splendid tradition of William Penn who believed in the penological principle that in each county there should be a workhouse, and that hard labor should supersede idleness, while corporal punishments should take the place of capital punishments. In 1793, when yellow fever came to Philadelphia, prisoner volunteers were employed at the Bush Hill Hospital. Some sort of a modified self-government system was developed by the convicts. But it was in the period from 1828 to 1833 that at the Boston Juvenile House of Reformation, a most surprising development of self-government occurred. Wells inaugurated a government by the children and placed responsibility for advancement or punishment upon the children themselves. It was a government by personality. This very prominence of personality as the controlling factor in administration has been the leading feature of the prison history of the nineteenth century in America. 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