has always to deal with persons, it is fundamentally based on a psychology; and since law is always a function of the social complex, social science forms an indispensable background for its study. Jurisprudence in fact is but a part of social science.

Vinogradoff groups the schools of jurisprudence under three heads: rationalists, nationalists, and evolutionists, and concludes with a valuable chapter on modern tendencies in jurisprudence. These modern tendencies are not yet far enough advanced to rank as a new epoch in historical jurisprudence, but there are certain new features which deserve attention and are "likely to advance toward new vistas." Besides the influence of the evolutionary conception and the critical tendency that has recently developed, the contemporary social crisis is bringing a new constructive point of view. The "individualistic order of society is giving way before the impact of an inexorable process of socialization, and the future will depend for a long time on the course and the extent of this process."

The author displays a knowledge and an appreciation of psychology, philosophy, and social science and of the significant changes going on in those fields of thought, as well as a profound knowledge of jurisprudence. The chief value of such a book is that it tends to arouse teachers and interpreters of law to a consciousness that their chief function in society is not that of inculcating finished rules, but that of building up the conception of law as one phase in an endless process of adaptation and equipping students with a scientific point of view and method for criticism of legal rules and institutions.

WALTER B. BODENHAFER

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

Field Work and Social Research. By F. STUART CHAPIN, PH.D. New York: The Century Company, 1920. Pp. 224. $1.75Under this title Professor Chapin has given us a book on methodmethod in conducting field work in the social sciences. Believing that much valuable information on this subject was scattered through the publications of government and private agencies, he set about putting a considerable amount of it into permanent reference form.

The book is divided into three parts. Part I deals with the place of field work in social research and with the critical examination of documentary sources of information which must precede good field work. Part II takes up the scope and organization of field work, pointing out

that it falls into three main types: (1) case work-the intensive investigation of individuals and families; (2) sampling-the selection for study of a representative portion less than the whole; and (3) complete enumeration, as in a government census. Attention is also given to several different methods followed in planning the field work of particular investigations and the principles involved. Part III deals with special problems connected with field work, more particularly the purpose and preparation of schedules, and the editing, classification, transcribing, tabulation, and interpretation of field-work data.

There are a number of minor inaccuracies; but the book is valuable and will prove useful to those interested in social research, for Professor Chapin has added to our fund of material in a field where contributions are welcome-that is to say, in the matter of methods and procedures. Credit is due him, moreover, for the conception of the importance of a carefully worked-out technique in this kind of field work.

SHELBY M. HARRISON

RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION

Human Geography. By JEAN BRUNHES. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1920. Pp. xvi+648.

Principles of Human Geography. By ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON and SUMNER W. CUSHING. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1921. Pp. xiv +430. $2.50.

"Human geography" is another name for what Frederick Ratzel first made popular under the title of anthropogeography. It is an attempt to put our present knowledge of the relations between man and his geographic environment into a systematic form and to outline the methods and problems of further investigation. Between the works of Ratzel and Brunhes there are, however, some striking differences. Brunhes, for example, puts more emphasis upon methods and is more circumspect and less genial in his deductions. Ratzel, in a comparatively new field, wrote extensively and expansively, throwing out generalizations that were suggestive and prophetic, but not always justified by the facts. Brunhes' work is a scrupulous effort to keep the subject within the limits of geography, to point out the connections between human geography, sociology, and ethnology, but to preserve the limits of the different disciplines.

The fundamental facts of human geography for Brunhes are position and communication between positions. These two elements are typified

for him by the house and the road. All permanent human habitations are included under the one and all forms of communication are included under the other. A city is a complex of the house and the road, structures divided and connected by streets.

Human geography thus reduces itself to an investigation of the manner in which the organization of life within the house, within the communities, i.e., village or city, and within the typical geographical areas (islands) is determined by geographical facts, that is to say, soil and water, flora and fauna, coal and other minerals.

From the point of view of the sociologist the most interesting chapters in the book are those entitled "Beyond the Essential Facts," in which the writer discusses the relations between geography, ethnology, sociology, and history, and the last chapter entitled "The Geographic Spirit," in which he indicates the varied directions in which human geography is likely to be extended and the rôle which it is to play in the future in relation to the other social sciences.

The volume by Huntington and Cushing, Principles of Human Geography, is something quite different. It is not concerned with principles of interpretation and methods of investigation but with the presentation of positive facts. It is a sketch of physical geography to which is added an interpretation of human relationship so far as they are determined by geographical conditions. Human Geography is an attempt to apply geographical methods and the geographical point of view to relatively new fields, a book not merely for the schoolroom but for the student. Principles of Human Geography, on the other hand, is a body of fact organized and presented for use in the classroom. ROBERT E. PARK

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

The Rural Community, Ancient and Modern. By NEWELL LEROY SIMS. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1920. Pp. xxiii+916. $4.50.

Professor Sims has produced a selection of excellent readings on the various phases of rural community life. The text is divided into three parts. Part I gives illustrations of primitive, medieval, and early American villages and closes with a discussion of the disintegration of the earlier type of village community organization. Part II discusses types, institutions, and evolution of the modern rural community. Part III is devoted to the problems as illustrated by surveys made in

various parts of the United States, the program of improvement of rural life, and the agencies for improvement and their co-ordination.

The selections describing life in primitive villages are especially valuable. Charts are included showing the division of fields for hand cultivation. The survivals of the primitive village land division in modern life has had a vital influence on determining methods of agriculture in Europe as compared with conditions in America. And Americans may be thankful that they have been able to develop their agriculture free from many of the handicaps of land division still existing across the water.

The closing selections outlining plans for unified community organization through community councils should have a wide influence on future smaller group activities.

Dr. Sim's discussions of what constitutes a community are a real contribution to this much talked-of but as yet poorly defined subject.

The text is an important addition to the literature of rural life in that it makes readily available to the student much of the best literature that has appeared.

PHILADELPHIA

PAUL L. VOGT

Die Entwicklung der Hegelschen Sozialphilosophie. By FRIEDRICH BÜLOW. Leipzig: Felix Meiner, 1920. Pp. 158. Paper, M. 5. The reviewer's first reaction to this monograph is a surprised sense of indifference to its subject-matter. Even a sociologist who, in years which seem longer gone by than they really are, has diligently studied Hegel from beginning to end now wonders how he ever convinced himself that it was worth while. The change is not due to a reversal of attitude toward men and things German, as such, since the war. Our present temper has as little use for any "social philosophy" in the Hegelian sense as it has for a theology based on the assumption that the world was made and contemplated with pride as a finished product in the course of a calendar week. Simply because we are out of sorts with all attempts to subsume human experience under categories, and then. to interpret human experience by a logic of these subjective constructions, an American sociologist who today, from the strictly sociological angle, had the slightest interest in what Hegel thought would be a curiosity. Why he thought it might be the unknown quantity in a sociological problem, but we need our energies for more importunate problems than

that. It is to be hoped that few American sociologists are such philistines as to ignore the tremendous importance of Hegel in the evolution of human thought; but by that same token, because we do take knowledge of human thought as an evolution, we realize that, measured by thought qualities, it is a longer distance back from what we now regard as objectivity to Hegel than from Hegel to Socrates.

This little book is hardly more than a prospectus. It consists of an account of the antecedents of Hegel the producer of the Phänomenologie. Tradition may have ungenerously associated this book with the battle of Jena, but the social philosophy which in the germ was in the book makes little more appeal to American sociologists than the statecraft of Frederick William III does to modern democrats. Less than two concluding pages are devoted to "the completed Hegelian system." Another volume containing a digest of the system is hinted at. The appendix (p. 154) contains, in addition to well-known sources, only two titles later than 1914. The monograph is worthy of the attention of serious students of Hegel as a philosopher, but it cannot be recommended to sociologists.

ALBION W. SMALL

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

United States Housing Corporation Report. Volume I: Organization, Policies, Transactions. Edited by JAMES FORD. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920.

Soon after hostilities in Europe were ended there was a concerted effort on the part of real estate and building interests to bring about a quick liquidation of the affairs of the United States Housing Corporation and to salvage whatever was still in the hands of the Corporation by way of real estate properties. The volume issued under Professor Ford's editorship shows that, whatever fear we may have had of extravagance and inefficiency of government enterprise in the production of war materials, such fear was not justified in the case of the United States Housing Corporation. Without previous experience, without an established machinery for the adminstration of home-building work, and without sufficient time in which to develop adequate methods for the handling of pressing problems of housing war-workers in regions scattered over widely distributed areas, the Housing Corporation has established a record that justly aroused concern among real estate dealers and builders regarding the possible competition of the government in the building of homes.