department of public welfare and with other departments of the state. Each should be autonomous in its own field under the supervision of three expert directors appointed by the governor of the state. The twelve directors from these several bureaus should constitute a commission of public welfare, having advisory and supervisory relations with the several bureaus. În addition this commission should conduct the following agencies: (1) an agency of research and publicity; (2) an agency of co-operative community service; (3) an agency of co-operative purchasing. The advantages claimed for this scheme are: (1) it co-ordinates activities but does not destroy personal initiative; (2) it is democratic in principle and practice; (3) it promotes the efficiency of the individual and of the local agency, whose efficiency and standards are the measure and limitation of combined achievement.-Owen Copp, American Journal of Insanity, July, 1919. F. A. C. Establishment of International Standards of Public Health.-Great Britain and America both desire an international standard of public health and welfare work. By the co-operation of these two countries a standard can be established throughout the world. In fixing a standard there must be a careful analysis of each region; second, the establishment of a unit of public-health nurse service and the territory she can conveniently handle; third, the correlation of these on the basis of adaptation to the region to be handled. To push these standards over the world will necessitate constant changes based upon knowledge of the language and of the origin and former condition of the people to be cared for. In the international scholarships in public health nursing there is already a beginning.-W. C. White, Lancet, October, 1919. D. H. K. Essential Units in the Care of Tuberculosis.—In a complete scheme for the care of the tuberculous there should be: (1) an improved method of notification to provide fuller information regarding the type of the disease and the circumstances of the patient; (2) an efficient and co-ordinated system of dispensary and domiciliary treatment; (3) the provision of adequate hospital accommodation for acute and advanced cases of tuberculosis with compulsory powers of removal; (4) the provision of up-todate sanitarium accommodation with facilities for the industrial training of patients; (5) the provision of large hospitals for the conservative treatment of non-pulmonary tuberculosis, each hospital to serve a large district and population; (6) the provision of sanitarium accommodation for children and of facilities for open-air instruction in connection with hospital, sanitarium, and schools; (7) the incorporation in the scheme of an after-care unit with an emigration and employment bureau; (8) carrying out a comprehensive scheme of scientific investigation and preventive effort with a view to the control and final abolition of tuberculosis.-H. H. Thomson, Journal of State Medicine, October, 1919. D. H. K. The Co-operative Movement in the United States.-The co-operative movement, or the Rochdale movement, as it is often called, is one of great social significance. It tends to substitute for the present system of private profit-taking a condition of society under which every need of life, social and economic, will be supplied by the united effort of all. While this aim is revolutionary, the method is economic and not political. The immediate object of the movement is the reduction of the cost of living by eliminating the profits of the middleman. Certain of the principles of the Rochdale co-operators, which one authority says must be maintained or invite failure, are followed by their American successors. They usually provide for unrestricted membership, shares of low denomination, one man one vote regardless of stock ownership, cash sales of pure foods at prevailing market prices, payment of not more than a legal rate of interest on share capital, and the return of the "profits" as a dividend to members in proportion to their patronage. Started in England in 1844 by twentyeight weavers, the Rochdale system spread to America in the form of all sorts of co-operative ventures some of which were purely co-operative, others political, and some religious. Through bad management and failure to adhere to the Rochdale principles nearly all of them failed. The most notable examples of successful cooperation are the California Fruit Growers' Exchange and the various live-stock shippers' organizations. Although there are but meager data relative to the extent of the co-operative movement in the United States, it is estimated that there are about three thousand consumers' societies, having a combined business of approximately $200,000,000 a year. Most of the societies conform to the open membership policy, have shares of low denomination, and without exception in the societies studied, the principle of "one member one vote" is strictly adhered to. Sales are made at prevailing market rates in order not to incur the hostility of other regular merchants. Dividends returned to members have ranged from 3 to 13 per cent. Besides the monetary benefit, co-operation has provided other advantages such as a practical education in business methods, training for citizenship, utilization of the latent abilities of the workmen, and the habituation of all men to altruistic modes of thought and conduct.-Florence E. Parker, Monthly Labor Review, March, 1920. C. V. R. Reactions of Welfare Work on Religious Work.-The war brought thousands of ministers into contact with the real needs and actual problems of men. The return of this large body of welfare workers to their former tasks should be accompanied by a revival of human interests in the sphere of organized religion. There has been a shifting attitude in these religious workers due to their close contact with human needs. With them the emphasis passes from doctrine to service and the technique of religion must be the technique of everyday conduct rather than for specific times and seasons. The church of today ought to realize her mission as a great agency of social redemption and that means that the successful minister or church worker must be a practical sociologist. The participation of so many religious workers in welfare activities has resulted in a growing consciousness that the time has come for the church to assume a more positive attitude toward current problems and movements. Efforts for recreational and entertainment activities of the community, endeavors in regard to public health, the redemption of public affairs, the fight against ignorance and economic maladjustment; all these should have a profoundly religious motive. Both the existence and the servicefulness of the church depends on her ability to adjust herself and to interpret the gospel to the changing atmosphere. The church should anticipate the world's need with a liturgy, a hymnology, and a gospel that will answer to the awakened social consciousness.-Angus S. Woodburne, Biblical World, May, 1920. R. G. H. A Program of Americanization.-To have any program of Americanization we must agree on the characteristic qualities which constitute the American type. This type can be distinguished politically and socially. Politically, the American principle is that everybody shares in the democracy; socially, the American principle is that people must work together to accomplish an object, but that each member of the group retains the right of original opinion and original contribution. The program of Americanization must include forgetful and indifferent Americans as well as aliens. To Americanize the alien certain conditions are necessary to insure the best results. These teachers must be properly trained, adequately paid, and should have a clear vision of the goal to be reached. The organization of the school must be flexible as to time and location. It requires likewise the co-operation of newspapers, churches, boards of trade, as well as the direct and special agencies of education. Aside from the conscious education of the foreigner in and out of the school there is the other program for the citizen group. Every real program of Americanization must take in the whole community as a partner with the school. The plan prepared here looks to the organization of committees which will undertake to look after the industrial opportunities in the community, instruction in factories for aliens and citizens, legislation, school finance, use of public facilities for public good, public community activities, and publicity. The essential thing in Americanization is the creation of a better community life.-Albert Shiels, American Education, June, 1920. R. G. H. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Labor and Longmans. Adolph, Lucien. Manuel pratique des 21S. Athearn, W., comp. The Malden Survey. Religious Survey of Malden, Mass. New York: Interchurch Press. Pp. 213. $2.50. Atkeson, Mary M. The Crossroads Meetin' House. New York: Interchurch Press. Pp. 39. $0.35. Austin, Mary. 26 Jane Street. New York: Houghton. Pp. 353. $2.00. Babson, R. Religion and Business. New York: Macmillan. Pp. 221. $2.75. Baring-Gould, S. 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