offices, what can be learned from the fact that in the early days, at least, it was manned by volunteers, and from the fact that the managers and many of its divisional heads of departments were "big business" men. J. L. GILLIN

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

The Human Costs of the War. By HOMER FOLKS. With illustrations by Lewis W. Hine. New York: Harper Bros., 1920. Pp. 1-325. $2.25.

Believing that only an "infinitesimal fraction of reality" concerning the suffering of war-stricken Europe has ever found its way into print, the author assays an adequate appraisal of the damages to humanity which the war brought.

On the basis of a survey made by himself and staff following the armistice, a picture of the people of Serbia, Belgium, France, Italy, and Greece as the war left them is drawn. The results in terms of childhood, home, and health are then effectively summarized, and a chapter on "War versus Welfare" concludes the book.

Written for the general reader, the book gives a vivid impression of the appalling cost of the war in life and suffering. Although mostly estimates, the data are perhaps as accurate as any we shall ever get.

The survey is somewhat defective, however, because confined chiefly to the five lands named, and would have been more valuable had all the belligerent countries been included.

AMHERST, MASS.

NEWELL L. SIMS

British Labor Conditions and Legislation During the War. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of Economics and History. "Preliminary Studies of the War, No. 14." By M. B. HAMMOND. New York: Oxford University Press, 1919. Pp. v+335. Bound, for $1.00; paper, gratis from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

This study of labor conditions and labor legislation in Great Britain during the war gives us in convenient form a great deal of information regarding the changes in trade unionism, unemployment, wages, hours of labor, welfare work, relation of the government to labor, and other labor problems. The author states that it is purposely "a narration rather than an interpretation" but he presents enough of the historical background to make the book intelligible to persons not acquainted

with earlier conditions in England. It is a book of importance because of the significant changes that took place during the war, and also because the interruption of communication with Europe during the war made it impossible for us by the ordinary methods to keep up with the changes in this field of labor problems.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

E. H. SUTHERLAND

Consumers' Co-operation. By ALBERT SONNICHSEN, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1919. Pp. xix+223. $1.75.

In this little volume the author has attempted to write a brief history of the co-operative movement explaining in detail the relationship between consumers' co-operation and productive co-operation, farmers' co-operative societies, profit-sharing, labor copartnership, etc. In part two of the book he discusses consumers' co-operation and the labor movement and consumers' co-operation and socialism.

In tracing the early history of co-operation he indicates very clearly his sympathy for consumers' co-operation as against all other forms of co-operation which must be tolerated as a part of the co-operative movement however irrational or inconsistent their programs are. Consumers' co-operation will succeed when the Rochdale principles are followed and when all other factors political, economic, and social are excluded from the program. The above is another of many attempts which have been made to explain why consumers' co-operation has uniformly failed in the United States with the exception of the recent experiments which have not had time to demonstrate whether they will endure or not. However much we may wish to see consumers' co-operative societies succeed, in the light of American experience we cannot accept his enthusiastic conclusion that consumers' co-operative societies will always succeed when established on the Rochdale principles.

In the author's discussion of the Purity Co-operative Bakery of Paterson, N. J., the author states that the Federal Food Control Board fixed the price of bread at a point which enabled this society to make too much money and although the Federal Food authorities were appealed to they would not change their ruling with reference to the price. In the interests of accuracy the price of bread in each state was not fixed by the National Federal Authorities but by the State Federal Authorities and the prices fixed were usually maximum prices. Nearly everywhere chain stores and others sold bread at prices below the maximum fixed by the authorities of the Food Administration.

The author has a keen imagination to conclude that the political views of Thomas Jefferson are very similar to those of Michael Bakunin and Lenine.

The book is well written and is a clear exposition of consumer's co-operation.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

J. E. HAGERTY

The Human Factor in Industry. By LEE K. FRANKEL and ALEXANDER FLEISHER. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1920. Pp. 366. $3.00.

This work is a sweeping survey of the popular and technological literature covering selected problems in the field of personnel administration. The authors have given us very little that is new, either in point of view and method of analysis or in subject-matter. The text is organized around a list of subjects including: "Hiring and Holding"; Education"; "Working Hours"; Working Conditions"; "Medical Care"; "Methods of Remuneration"; Refreshment and Recreation"; "The Employer and the Community"; "Insurance, Savings, and Loans"; "Organization of the Department of Labor Administration." Each of these subjects is developed by describing the current industrial practices as revealed in the literature of the subject. There is little searching of these practices to discover and formulate the fundamental principles and policies that must be developed before either a satisfactory science or art of personnel administration can be developed. By definition, the authors exclude some of the most troublesome problems and conditions that confront the industrial manager. Labor administration is defined as "those activities carried on by employers and employees jointly or separately which benefit both, have as their unit the industrial plant and are not enforced by law or by organized labor." There may well be difference of opinion as to the relations that should be established with organized labor, but it seems highly artificial to remove, by definition, this problem from the field of personnel administration. Neither is it correct to assume, as the authors do, that labor legislation and union activities are merely negative factors. No small part of the progress made in matters of labor administration has been the direct result of the activities of these agencies.

Although there is little in this book to interest the more sophisticated students of labor administration, it is a valuable survey for the general

reader and for those industrial managers who have not had time to keep abreast of the developments to date.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

R. W. STONE

The Science of Labour and Its Organization. By DR. JOSEFA IOTEYKO. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1919. Pp. viii+196. $1.60.

In this little volume are collected a series of articles, published in certain French journals in 1916 and 1917, and the substance of certain lectures on fatigue, delivered at the Collège de France. The author seeks in this collection to throw light upon certain points in industrial psycho-physiology. To the results accomplished by research into the working of the bodily organs with the view to discover their best working conditions, to detect fatigue, and to lay down a basis for industrial work, he applies the caption "Science of Labour." The book is a summary of experiments and researches into the physiological and psychological aspects of personnel administration.

The discussion is divided into four parts. The first is concerned with the problems of apprenticeship, the economical methods of working, and the measurement of industrial fatigue. The second part is an evaluation and criticism of scientific management. Particular emphasis is placed upon the shortcomings of the Taylor system in respect to psycho-physiological factors. The third part presents data bearing upon the human power and aptitudes for work. The final section is devoted to an exposition of the Belgian methods of technical education.

The work is by no means a complete or final analysis of the personnel problems in industry. It is, however, a contribution to the literature on that subject. Those interested in the scientific study of the human factors in industry will find much that is new and valuable in this book. R. W. STONE

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Lectures on Industrial Psychology. By BERNARD MUSCIO. New York: Dutton, 1910. Pp. iv+300. $3.00.

The author defines industrial psychology as a study of methods for selecting workers on the basis of natural fitness and for obtaining from any expenditure of energy a maximum product. To these ends he advocates the establishment of a vocational laboratory in connection with every educational plant or system. It shall be the duty of the

advisory committees of these laboratories to give information (1) about the capacities of the persons who are being examined, (2) about the capacities required for any kind of labor for which there is a demand, and (3) about probable demands for various forms of labor.

Mr. Muscio discusses the main objections to scientific management such as (1) mere speeding up, (2) the increase of production about 300 per cent, and of wages only 30 to 100 per cent, (3) the interference with collective bargaining, (4) the destruction of craft skill, and (5) the undemocratic result of throwing undue industrial power into the hands of "the management." The author advocates the creation of committees of workers who shall co-operate with the "management" in putting the principles of scientific management into practice.

The tone of the book is fair-minded, scientific, and constructive. Although sympathetic with the workers, the author does not point out the function which industrial psychology may perform in showing how the personalities of the workers may be developed through their occupational activities and interests.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

E. S. BOGARDUS

Socialism in Thought and Action. By HARRY W. LAIDLER. The Macmillan Company. Pp. xviii+546. $2.50.

This is an exposition of socialism by the secretary of the Intercollegiate Society. The author does not try so much to express his own views but to give those of the acknowledged spokesmen of that party; these are expressed in a brief, clear, and direct manner. The book begins with a criticism of the wastefulness and inefficiency of the present system as the result of competition in production and distribution, resulting in waste of human life and energy through unemployment, industrial accident, and illness. The indictments against the unequal distribution of wealth, the wage system, and social maladjustment are ably stated and backed up by strong proof.

Chapter iii begins the statement of the socialist theory. This follows the Marxian theories of economic interpretation of history, class struggle, surplus value, and the labor theory of value, although modern limitations and interpretations are placed upon all of these. He defines the labor theory of value as "the amount of socially necessary labor contained therein, that is the amount of average human labor which is necessary for society to expend upon its reproduction, not the