98:6. proper. Peculiar.

98:9. terms. Of dignity and honour.

98:13. his own part. Compare Hamlet, Act V, Sc. 2:

(1597. Enlarged, 1612 and 1625)

98:15. spending. Understand 'is.'

98: 18. voluntary undoing. Accepted poverty. Compare Matt. xix. 21.

98:22. abuse of servants. The Lord Chancellor Bacon's servants were not models in this regard, nor were they as strictly controlled as their master's best interests required. His mother chided him in this respect.

99: 4. doubting. Dreading; fearing.

99:11. certainties. Definitely fixed receipts and expenses. 99:15. hall. Perhaps the house as distinguished from the stable; perhaps the servants' hall.'

99: 18. may as well. Not 'indifferently,' but ‘as surely.' 99:22. his customs. Those that had previously occasioned the "straits."

XXIX. OF THE TRUE GREATNESS OF KINGDOMS AND ESTATES

(1612. Re-cast and greatly enlarged, 1625)

This essay is of especial importance as reflecting Bacon's ideas of direction and expediency in politics. Machiavelli's influence is often apparent. Bacon largely identifies "true

greatness" with persistent, inevitable, and widening 'imperialism,' keyed to the spirit of responsibility.

1001. Themistocles. See note on page 94, line 21.

100: 4. censure. Judgment; opinion.

100:7. holpen. See note on page 84, line 6. metaphor. A carrying over; a re-applying.

100:15. gift. Note the humour.

100:25. negotiis pares. Able to manage affairs.' manage. A rider's word, ― control.

101:22. mustard-seed. See Matt. xiii, 31. 102 2. stout. Bold.

102: 4. Virgil. P. Vergilius Maro, B.C. 70-19, was a great Latin poet, author of the Eclogues, the Bucolics, the Georgics, and the Æneid. He was aided and highly regarded by Mæcenas (see note on page 92, line 4) and the Emperor Augustus. The passage cited is from the Seventh Eclogue.

102: 6. Arbela. The battle was fought B.C. 330.

102: 8. Alexander's. See note on page 63, line 25.

102:11. Tigranes. King of Armenia, reigning B.C. 96-56. He made an alliance with Mithridates, king of Pontus. He was defeated by the Romans under Lucullus at Tigranocerta, B.c. 68, and again by Pompey in B.C. 66.

102:24. trivially. Tritely.

102:25. Solon. A great lawgiver of Athens, Lived B.C. 638-559. He was made archon and prime legislator.

102:26. Cræsus. Alyattes in B.C. 560. enormously rich. Persia B.C. 546.

King of Lydia, succeeding his father He conquered many peoples and became He was finally overthrown by Cyrus of

6

103:3. they. The antecedent is subjects.'

1038. mew. Moult.

103:9. Judah and Issachar. See Gen. xlix.

103: 16. excises. A reference to the war taxes levied in the Netherlands to support hostilities with Spain.

103: 17. subsidies. Amounts appropriated by Parliament. 103:25. nobility and gentlemen. See Essay XIX, page 67, lines 12-29.

103:29. coppice. Or, copse. A wood formed of trees of slight growth cut from time to time for fuel. staddles. Young trees left standing after the underwood has been cleared away. 104: 3. hundred poll. Hundredth head.

104: 22. "Terra," etc. 'A land mighty in battle and in fruitfulness of soil.'

1057. Nebuchadnezzar's tree. See Dan. iv. 10.

105 17. nice. Fastidious; exclusive.

:

105:19. becomen. So 'holpen' and 'gotten' in Bacon.

105:23. sorted. Resulted; turned out.

105:26. "jus civitatis." "The right of citizenship.'

105:27. "jus commercii," etc. The rights of commerce. of

marriage, of inheritance.'

105:28. "jus suffragii." 105:29. "jus honorum."

Singular. Single.

The right of the franchise.'

"The right of public office.'

1062. colonies. Roman military posts, which sometimes became the nuclei for little states. They were seldom successful, in the modern idea of colonizing, lacking adaptability.

106: 4. both constitutions. Naturalization and colonization. 106:11. great body of a tree. Compare the reference to Nebuchadnezzar's tree, page 105, line 7.

106:19. Pragmatical Sanction. Philip IV. of Spain published a decree, or Pragmatica, 1622, giving encouragement to persons who should marry, and especial privileges to the fathers

of six children. Other countries, in need of population, have had similar laws. One is still (August, 1905) operative in the Province of Quebec, Canada.

106:27. advantage. When considered from the economic and military points of view. The disadvantages are not here pertinent to Bacon's argument.

106 29. rid. Settle the question of.

107: 4. vulgar natives. Or, as we say, 'common people.' 107: 13. habilitations. Trainings.

107: 14. Romulus. The traditional founder of Rome. He was a son of Mars and twin brother of Remus.

107:15. present. An advised policy; compare our legal phrase, "By these presents."

107: 16. intend. Profess.

107:20. scope. Object; purpose.

107:21. flash. Moment; a little while.

107:24. declination. Decline.

107:27. stood upon. Discussed further; elaborated. 107:30. their. The use of the plural pronoun after the singular noun, its antecedent, is common in Bacon and in Elizabethan English.

108: 1. oracle of time. Teaching of history.

108:10. pretended. Employed as justifying causes of war. 108: 14. quarrels. Occasions; causes. Compare Essay VIII, page 23, line 29.

108:25. prest. Prompt; ready.

108:26. confederates. Allies.

109: 3. tacit conformity of estate. A spirit of political sympathy; or a rapprochement between states, as between individuals. There is a suggestion also of one country's willingness to extend the influence of its own ideals and methods of government whenever opportunity should seem ripe.

109:14. natural body or politic. Individual or state.

109: 19. effeminate. Grow soft or womanlike.

109: 22. maketh to be still. Is profitable to be always. 109: 23. chargeable. Expensive.

109:25. the law. The deciding power; right to arbitrate; paramountcy.

109:30. abridgment of a monarchy. A kingdom in little. Cicero. See note on page 57, line 11. Atticus. T. Pomponius Atticus was a virtuous Roman knight, to whom Cicero addressed many letters. Pompey. See note on page 82, line 23.

110:1. Cæsar. See note on page 91, line 19. "Consilium," etc. 'Pompey's plan is quite Themistoclean, for he thinks that whoever commands the sea commands the entire situation.'

110:6. Actium. Here Antony was defeated by Octavianus (Augustus), B.C. 31.

110:8. Lepanto. Turkey's navy was shattered in this battle, 1571, by the combined papal, Spanish, and Venetian strengths. 110: 10. final to the war. The deciding contests. Compare Japan's recent victory over Russia. 110:11. set up their rest. Staking all on one 'hand.' 110:14. as he will. In his William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, Mr. Frederic Harrison tells us that in 1761 Great Britain had "absolute dominion of the seas to an extent hardly ever equalled before or since. . . . England was perfectly secure at home, whilst she held the commerce of the seas and all transoceanic settlements within her grasp. No other nation possessed even the nucleus of marine power, and all were debarred from reaching such colonies as they retained." And again: "Had George II. lived a few years longer, had Pitt maintained his health, his influence with the King, Parliament, and the nation, it was quite probable that every possession of France, Spain, or Holland, outside of Europe, would have passed to the British Crown, and that these countries would have been forced to make peace on terms of extreme humiliation."