ter which grew partly out of his
unhappiness every kind heart will
forget in the splendor of his genius
and the amiableness of his personal
qualities. Few English poems are
more widely and repeatedly quoted
than his shorter lyrics, and they are
not likely to be soon superseded by
anything better in the same vein.
In the compression, energy, and
grace of his poetical diction he has
rarely been equaled. Campbell
died in 1844, at Boulogne, and his
mortal remains lie interred in West-
minster Abbey. See pp. 195, 226,
345, 479.

CAP-A-PIE (kap-ä-pē'), from head to
foot. (Fr.)

CARTHAGINIAN (-jin'yan), pertaining

to ancient Carthage. The Cartha-
ginians, being devoted chiefly to
commerce, neglected the arts and
sciences, and produced no literature
that has endured.

CAT'A-PHRACT, a species of heavy
defensive armor; a horseman in
complete armor.

CAT'ILINE (-line), a Roman patrician,
born about B. C. 109, and famous for
his conspiracy against the govern-
ment of Rome. He was eloquently
denounced by Cicero, and, fly-
ing from the city, was slain in

battle.

CAUSTICITY (-tis'i-ty).

CENTRE or CENTER. The latter form
is preferred by Webster.
CERVANTES, MIGUEL, the celebrated
Spanish novelist, was born 1547,
died 1616. His reputation rests
chiefly on his "Don Quixote,"
written to ridicule knight-errantry.
CHAGRIN (sha-green' or sha-grin).
CHALDEE (kal-de'), relating to Chal-
dea, anciently a part of the Baby-
lonian empire on the Euphrates.
Chaldea was famous for its sages
or wise men.

CHALICE (chal'is; but there is au-
thority also for kallis).
CHANCEL (chan'sel).

CHANNING, WM. ELLERY, was born
at Newport, R. I., 1780. His ma-
ternal grandfather, Wm. Ellery,
was one of the signers of the Dec-
laration of Independence. Chan-
ning was educated at Harvard Col-
lege; studied for the ministry, and
in 1803 accepted a call to take
charge of the Unitarian church in
Federal Street, Boston. He re-
tained the situation till his death,

(Oct. 2, 1842), during which period
his reputation as a preacher and an
ethical writer was very great. His
discourses and essays give him a
lofty rank, not only as an eloquent
advocate of human rights, but as
one of the foremost masters of an
English style at once pure, lumi-
nous, and forcible. Always fearless
in his utterance of unpopular truths,
he did not shrink from the discus-
sion of the moral duties of the
American people in regard to slav-
ery; and now, read in the light of
subsequent events, his views will
be found to be as wise as they are
humane. His sympathies went
forth to the toiling millions of every
grade; to the sailors, the poor work-
women, the day-laborers; but he
was disposed to look less to changes
in external condition than to intel-
lectual culture and moral develop-
ment, for permanent reforms. The
great work of the age he conceived
to be "the diffusion of intelligence
and enlightened religion through
the mass of the people." He was
ever anxious to raise the profession
of teachers to its rightful position
of honor; regarding schools as the
fountain-heads of intellectual cul-
ture and moral enlightenment. See
pp. 76, 118, 238.

CHARADE (sha-rade'), a syllabic enig-
ma, so named from its inventor,
made upon a word the two syllables
of which, when separately taken,
are themselves words. See speci-
men, p. 345.
CHARTA (kar'ta).

CHATHAM, WM. PITT, earl of, was
born in Cornwall, England, Nov. 15,
1708. Educated at Oxford he en-
tered Parliament in 1736. His fig-
ure was tall and manly; his deport-
ment dignified and graceful; his
countenance singularly expressive.
His voice was both full and clear.
While his lowest whisper was dis-
tinctly heard, his middle tones were
sweet, rich, and beautifully varied;
and when he elevated his voice to
its highest pitch, the House was
completely filled with the volume
of the sound. All accounts concur
in representing the effects of his
oratory to have been prodigious.
The spirit and vehemence which
animated it the appositeness of
his invective- the grandeur of his
ideas, and the heart-stirring nature

-

of his appeals, are all confessed by
the united testimony of his contem-
poraries. In 1756 he was at the
head of the ministry. In 1757 an
attempt, partially successful, was
made to drive "the great com-
moner," as he was called, from
power; but after an interval, he re-
turned with greater influence than
ever. Finding himself, however,
inadequately seconded by his col-
legues, he resigned office 1768. In
the House of Lords he strenuously
urged the abandonment of coercive
measures against America; but his
warnings were rejected, and in 1776
the colonies declared themselves
independent. It was while exhort-
ing the lords on the subject of a
reconciliation with America, that
he fell down in a convulsive fit in
the House, April 8, 1778, dying on
the 11th of the following month, in
the 70th year of his age. The pri-
vate life of Chatham was no less
amiable and exemplary than his
public career was illustrious. As
an orator he stands foremost among
English debaters.
His second son

was the celebrated William Pitt.
See speech, p. 113.
CHEVALIER (shev-a-leer').
CHILLON (shil-long').
CHIVALRY (Shiv'al-ry).

CHOPS, in nautical usage, the mouth or entrance.

CHRISTENDOM (kris'n-dom), Christian countries collectively. CHRISTIANITY (kris-te-an'i-ty). CICERO, Marcus Tullius, the most eminent of Roman orators, was born B. C. 106. He distinguished himself not only as a statesman, but as an advocate and writer. His works are numerous. While occupying the office of consul, he denounced the conspiracy of Catiline, and drove the profligate from Rome. For this service the public enthusiasm heaped upon Cicero unwonted honors; in the senate and in the forum. he was saluted as parens patria (the parent of his country). For an account of the death of Cicero, see note, p. 375; speech, p. 456. CIMBRI (sim'bri), a Celtic people who occupied a region, now a part of Denmark. They were defeated in battle by Marius, B. C. 102. CI'MON, an Athenian general, son of Miltiades, distinguished himself against the Persians, 470 B. C. He

displayed his wisdom and patriotism by founding public schools. CLANGOR (klang'gur). CLERK (klerk or klark). COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor, distin guished as a poet and philosopher, was the son of a clergyman, and born in Devonshire, England, in 1772. He entered the university at Cambridge, but suddenly left and enlisted in London into a horse regiment. Discovered and rescued by his friends, he returned to Cambridge, which he subsequently left without a degree. He now associated himself with Southey, and another young poet, Lovel, in a Utopian scheme of founding a Pantisocracy, or republic of pure freedom, in America; but this project evaporated very harmlessly in the marriages of the poets with three sisters at Bristol. Coleridge's habits of mind and of business rendered his publications unprofitable to him. self, and disastrous to his publishers. Opium-eating gradually unhinged the structure of his mind, and he became an exile from his family and his dearest friends, of whom Wordsworth had been one. His capital defect seemed to be a want of energetic will. His prose works include dissertations on theology, history, politics, the principles of society. His poetical works consist of odes, ballads, dramas; but most of them exhibit incompleteness of design. His translations from the German of Schiller are very admirable. The conspicuous features of his poetry are its exquisite melody of versification, and the fine literary taste by which the diction is chastened. His "Hymn to Mont Blanc," in its exultant sublimity, equals the best efforts of Milton. Coleridge was celebrated for his powers of conversation. He died at Highgate, July, 1834. His son, Hartley Coleridge inherited his father's infirmities, and much of his father's genius. See pp. 274, 434.

COLLINS, WILLIAM, the son of a hatter, was born in Chichester, England, 1720. In 1744 he settled in London, but suffered from poverty even beyond the common lot of poets. He published his Odes, and planned gigantic enterprises of authorship; but his mode of life, acting on latent tendencies to insanity,

nursed the fatal seed that germinated into incurable madness. After a seven years' existence in this state, he died at Chichester in 1756. Dr. Johnson called on him in the midst of his malady, and found him reading the New Testament. "I have but one book," said poor Collins, "but it is the best." Collins's poems are not numerous; but they exhibit a fine literary taste, a spiritual transparency of conception and expression, great refinement of diction, and an unerring ear for rhythmical melody. See pp. 131,

307.

COL-OS-SE'UM or COLISEUM, the amphitheatre of Vespasian at Rome.

COLTER or COULTER, the fore-iron
or cutter of a plow.
COMBAT (kum'bat or kom'bat).
COMELY (kum❜ly).

COM-MUNE, to converse; also, to re-
ceive the communion.
COMMON-PLACE, trite.
COMRADE (kom'rāde or kŭm'rāde).
CONFESSOR. The best speakers put
the accent on the first syllable; but
there is authority for con-fess'or.
CONSTRUE (kon'stroo).
CON-TEMPLATE, to view.
CONTUMELY. Hood (p. 54) puts the
accent on the second syllable; but,
except where the measure requires
it, it should be on the first: kon'tu-
me-ly.

CORDON (kor'don or kor'dong), a band worn as a badge; also, a line of military posts. CORSELET (kors'let). CORTES (kor'těz), FERNANDO, the conqueror of Mexico, was born in Spain, 1485; died 1554. COTTLE, JOSEPII, a bookseller of Bristol, England, born 1769, died 1853. He was the author of various poems and of a volume of Reminiscences of Coleridge and others. See his account of Henderson, p. 444. COUNCILOR or COUNCILLOR. COUNSELOR or COUNSELLOR. COURTEOUS (kurt'e-us or kōrt'yus). COWPER, WM., was born in Hertfordshire, England, in 1731.

He was only six years old when he lost his mother. More than fifty years after the day on which a sad little face, looking from the nursery window, had seen a dark hearse moving slowly from the door, an old man, smitten with incurable madness, but |

then enjoying a brief lucid interval, bent over a picture, and saw the never-forgotten image of that kindest earthly friend, from whom he had so long been severed, but whom he was so soon to join in the sorrowless land. There are no more touching or beautiful lines in English poetry than Cowper's Verses to his mother's picture. The circumstance to which his morbid nervousness and melancholy may most of all be traced, is full of warning for the young. The poor, motherless boy of six was sent to a boarding-school, where a senior pupil, whose brutality and cowardice cannot be too strongly condemned, led the child a terrible life for two years, crushing down his young spirit with cruel blows and bitter persecution. Cowper's principal poems, Table Talk, The Task, &c., are mostly of a didactic character; but their lofty strain of religious and moral reflection is mingled with general satire, and interspersed with description. His language, simple, elegant, and expressive, gushes without effort into every avenue of feeling. In 1791 he published a translation of Homer, which we think deserving a higher reputation than it has yet reached. In 1794, the gloom of madness fell again upon his mind, and only for very brief intervals was there any light, until the ineffable brilliance of a higher life broke on his raptured gaze. He died April 25, 1800. See pp. 286, 400.

CORSE (kōrs or kōrs). CRIMEAN (kri-me'an), pertaining to the Crimea.

CROLY, Rev. GEORGE, poet and theologian, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1780, and studied for the Church. He is the author of "Tales of the Great St. Bernard," "Salathiel, a Novel," " Catiline, a Tragedy," and several minor poems, marked by dramatic power and great literary skill. His diction is sometimes overwrought in its intensity, but never tame or inelegant. He died 1860. See p. 104. CUR'FEW (from the French couvrefeu, cover fire), a bell anciently rung at eight o'clock in the evening, when people were obliged to extinguish their fires and lights. CURRAN, JOHN PHILPOT, an Irish

lawyer and patriot, celebrated for his eloquence and wit, was born of humble parents in the neighborhood of Cork, 1750. He became a member of the Irish house of commons in 1784. His oratorical powers were of the most brilliant description, and through them he wielded an immense influence over his countrymen. He died in London 1817. See p. 260.

DACTYL'IC, pertaining to a dactyl or poetical foot consisting of three syllables, the first long and the others short, like the joints of a finger; the Greek word daktulos meaning a finger. DANIEL (dan'e-el).

DANTE (dän'te), ALIGHIERI, the sublimest of the Italian poets, was born at Florence, 1265, and died at Ravenna, 1321. DAUNT (dänt).

DAVY, SIR HUMPHREY, a celebrated chemist, born in England, 1779, died 1838.

DECATUR, STEPHEN, an American naval officer, distinguished for bravery and skill, was born 1779, and fell in a duel with Commodore Barron, 1820.

DECEASE (-sese not -seze). DECIUS (de'se-us), a consul of ancient Rome, B. C. 340. The night before a great battle, he and his colleague had a vision, announcing that the general of one side and the army of the other were devoted to death. The consuls thereupon agreed that the one whose wing first began to waver should devote himself and the army of the enemy to destruction. This fortune fell to Decius; and as his wing gave way, he rushed among the thickest of the enemy, and was slain, leaving the victory to the Romans." DEFENSE or DEFENCE. Webster prefers s, because s is used in the derivative defensive.

DEMOCRACY. This word is derived from the Greek demos, people, krateo, to govern.

DEMOS THE-NES, the greatest orator

of antiquity, was born at Athens, in Greece, about 380 B. C. In his first attempts to speak before the people, his feeble and stammering voice, his interrupted respiration, his ungraceful gestures, and his illarranged periods, brought upon him general ridicule. His failure,

however, only roused his energies
he resolved to correct the deficien-
cies of his youth, and overcame
them with a zeal and perseverance
which have passed into a proverb.
He was an active foe to all en-
croachments on public freedom,
and was consequently maligned by
Eschines who favored the aristo
cratic faction. It was to rouse his
countrymen against Philip, King of
Macedonia, that the most splendid
orations of Demosthenes, called his
Philippics, were pronounced.
died B. C. 322. "His manner,"
says Hume, "is rapid harmony
exactly adjusted to the sense; it is
vehement reasoning without any
appearance of art; it is disdain,
anger, boldness, freedom, involved
in a continued stream of argument;
and, of all human productions, the
orations of Demosthenes present to
us the models which approach the
nearest to perfection." See pp. 123,
247, 481.

DESIGN (de-sine' or de-zine').
DEWY (dū'y).

He

DEXTEROUS or DEXTROUS. Webster prefers the latter form. DICKENS, CHARLES, the most popular English novelist of his day, was born at Portsmouth, England, 1812. Early in life he was placed in an attorney's office; then he became a reporter for some of the daily papers of London, and at length began to sketch on paper, under the signature of Boz, the va ried life he witnessed. His fame dates from the publication of his "Pickwick Papers" in 1837. Then followed "Nicholas Nickleby," a tale crowded with finely drawn portraits and scenes of modern English life; and "Oliver Twist," in which some of the lowest forms of London life are depicted. A visit to America in 1842 supplied material for two new works," American Notes for General Circulation," and "Martin Chuzzlewit." In both his besetting tendency to caricature is prominent. Seizing an odd feature or whimsical trait in a man or woman, he creates from that single quality a character. Dickens's works all betray haste in the composition. Commanding large sums by his pen, he is obviously tempted to give little time to that condensation and elaboration which might

secure for his writings a more en-
during fame. His sympathies, in
depicting men and manners in his
own country, are on the right side,
and several of his novels were writ-
ten to promote some popular re-
form. See pp. 72, 89, 304.
DIAMOND (di'a-mond or di'mond).
DIAPA'SON, in music the octave or
interval which includes all the
tones.

DIET, an assembly of rulers and del-
egates.

DISCERN (diz-zern').
DISMAY' (diz- or dis-).
DISPATCH or DESPATCH.
DISSOLVE (diz-zolv').
DOLOROUS (dol'or-us).

DONNELLY, IGNATIUS, member of
Congress (1864) from Minnesota.
He has been Lieut.-Governor of
the State, and is still quite a young

DRYDEN, JOHN, a celebrated poet,
was born in Northamptonshire,
England, 1631, and educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge. At
first a partisan of Cromwell, he
subsequently became a strenuous
royalist. His veerings in religion,
politics, criticism, and taste,
throughout his life, exhibit a mind
under the dominion of mere im-
pulse. Having to rely on literature
for a support, he wrote poems and
plays. The latter are foul and exe-
crable productions, disgraceful to
the author and to the corrupt social
state which the restoration of mon-
archy, in the person of Charles II.,
introduced. One of the best of
Dryden's minor pieces is his
"Alexander's Feast," an ode in
honor of St. Cecilia's Day, from
which see an extract p. 68.
DUDEVANT, MADAME AMANTINE,
better known by her assumed name
of George Sand, was born in Indre,
France, in 1804. Left an orphan
at an early age, she was educated

by her grandmother, a believer in
the doctrines of Rousseau. Married
at the age of seventeen to a country
gentleman of the name of Dude-
vant, a separation was effected in
1831, her husband being allowed to
retain her fortune. She removed
to Paris, and began to write novels,
from the sale of which she derived
a liberal income. For a time she
adopted the male attire, and by her
independent eccentricities acquired
great notoriety. The talent dis-
played in her writings is incon-
testable. In an autobiographical
sketch she says: "My religion has
never changed fundamentally; that
eternal doctrine of believers, the
good God, the immortal soul, the
hopes of another life, all this has
remained, unshaken by scrutiny,
by discussion, and even by intervals
of despairing doubt." See an ex-
tract from her novel of " Consuelo,"
p. 173.

DYNASTY (din'- or di'-).
ECONOMICAL (ek- or e-).
EITHER (e- or '-; the former mode
is preferred by Walker, Worcester,
Smart, Cooley).

ELD, old times; old age.
ENGINE (en'jin).
ENGINERY (en'jin-ry).
EPAMINON'DAS, a Theban general,
illustrious for his talents and vir-
tues, fell in the moment of victory
at the battle of Man-ti-ne'a, B. C.

363.

ERE (pronounced air), before.
E'SILL, supposed to be Shakespeare's
mode of spelling Yesel, one of the
branches of the Rhine nearest Den-
mark.

ELYSIAN (e-lizh'e-an or e-lizh'yan).
EMMETT, ROBERT, the son of a physi-
cian at Cork, Ireland, was educated
for the law. Being implicated in
the Irish rebellion in 1803, he was
executed. See his speech p. 219.
His brother, Thomas Addis Em-
mett, fled to the United States, and
died in New York, 1827.
EPAULET (ep'aw-let).
ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS, one of the
most eminent scholars and theolo-
gians of his age; was born at
Rotterdam, Holland, 1467; died

1536.

EQUALED or EQUALLED.
ERRING (er'ring or err'ing).
EU'CLID, a celebrated mathematician
of Alexandria, who flourished 300