the English title, upon this province, was the transfer, as he calls it, to the province of New-York, of all the territory south of the great Lakes, by the Iroquois, who had conquered it. His father too, he asserts, had made extensive discoveries in various parts of this great territory, and shortly after had made "another discovery more to the North West, beyond the river Meschacebe, of a very great sea or lake of fresh water, several thousand miles in circumference; and of a great river at the S. W. end, issuing out into the South-Sea, about the latitude of 44 degrees; which was then communicated to the Privy-Council, and a draft thereof left in the Plantation office."

In addition to this, Coxe declares, that his father had in his possession, in the year 1704, a Journal in English which "seemed to have been written many years before," and which describes the Mississippi from its mouth to the great Yellow river (the Missouri.) This Journal, he insinuates, was in existence before any of the French Narratives were published. As it is impossible at present to ascertain the truth of these assertions, we pass on to an important era in the history of this discovery. For some time previous to Marquette's expedition, Cavalier de la Salle, a gentleman of Rouen, in Normandy, had entertained the hope of acquiring wealth and honourable distinction in some new expedition into the undiscovered parts of North America. His first project was to search for a North West passage from the Atlantic to China or Japan. For this purpose, he went to Canada, and had an interview with Joliet, who had just returned to Montreal with the news of his discoveries. La Salle put little faith in Joliet's declaration, that the Mississippi could only terminate in the Gulf of Mexico, and flattered himself that, by ascending the river, instead of going to the south, he should certainly succeed in the object of his enterprise. Full of these anticipations, he returned to France, laid his plans before the Cabinet, obtained the assistance of the ministry and the approbation of the king, associated with himself the Chevalier de Tonti, an intelligent Italian, and set sail from Rochelle on the 14th of July, 1678, with a party of 30 men. Arrived at Quebec, they took into the expedition Father Louis Hennepin, a Flemish priest of the order of the Recollets, by whom they were accompanied in the greater part of their subsequent adventures. After visiting Niagara, the Lakes, Makina and St. Mary's Falls, he passes from Lake Michigan to the river Illinois, on the banks of which he builds Fort Crevecœur, where he remains for the winter, despatching M. Dacan and Father Hennepin down the river, with instructions to ascend the Mississippi, if it be possible, to its very source, and Vol. I.

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intending himself to return to Fort Frontenac, in order to obtain a supply of men and ammunition. Why La Salle should thus give to Hennepin an opportunity to defraud him of the honours of his long meditated expedition, it is difficult to conceive. It is probable, however, that he had by this time become convinced of the impracticability of a North West passage through the upper branches of the Mississippi, and not anticipating either profit or renown from any discovery in that quarter, had reserved Be this to himself the voyage down the Mississippi to the sea. as it may, Hennepin, in his "New Discovery,"* declares that the honour of tracing this great river to its embouchure belongs to himself alone. He disobeyed, as he acknowledges, the express instructions of La Salle, to ascend the river, and went down, as he alleges, to its mouth, and then returned. This story was generally discredited in Europe, and it is certain that in Hennepin's first account of his travels, entitled, a Description of Louisiana, published in 1682, he does not appear to have been south of the mouth of the Illinois, nor did he describe the lower Mississippi until some years after the publication of Tonti's book. We shall give our readers a brief sketch of what Hennepin, in his New Discovery, professes to have done, leaving it for them to judge, whether there is reason to believe, with Charlevoix and others, that Hennepin's narrative is false. According to his own story, he left Crevecœur on the 29th of February, 1680, and on the 7th of March following, entered the Meschasipi, according to his calculations, in lat. 35° 30′; (three degrees and a half out of the way;) leaving the junction of the two rivers on the eighth, (he forgets that two pages before he had said that the ice had detained him there until the twelfth,) he arrives in six hours opposite the mouth of the river of the Messorites (the Missouris.) On the ninth, the party fell in with an Indian village, Tamaroa, (probably near St. Louis ;) on the tenth they made 40 leagues, and reached the river of the Quadbaches, (the Ohio, or river of the Wabashes); on the 21st, they passed the Akansa, and on the 25th came in sight of the Sea. Hennepin states the length of the Mississippi below the Illinois, to be 340

* A New Discovery of a vast country in America, extending above Four thousand Miles between New France and New Mexico, with a Description of the Great Lakes, Cataracts, Rivers, Plants and Animals. Also, the Manners, Customs and Languages of the several Native Indians, and the Advantage of Commerce with those different Nations. With a Continuation, giving an Account of the Attempts of the Sieur de la Salle upon the mines of St. Barbe, &c. &c. with the advantages of a short cut to China and Japan, &c. &c. by L. Hennepin, now resident in Holland. London, 1699.

leagues, which is a shrewd conjecture; and the whole length from its source, he calculates to be at least 800 leagues. The river, he informs us, divides at its mouth into three principal passes, and empties into the sea, in about lat. 28°. All this is sufficiently near the truth, to have proved, if the account had preceded the narrative of Tonti, that Hennepin actually descended to the Gulf. But the particulars of his ascent are too improbable to be true. By his own dates, he was but ten days in going from the mouth of the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, a distance of upwards of 1350 miles against a powerful current, a voyage which our trading row-boats can scarcely accomplish in seven times the same interval of time. His dates, too, are inconsistent. He leaves the mouth of the Mississippi on the first of April, reaches the Akansa villages on the ninth, (p. 128) stays there a day, and leaves there on the twentyfourth, (pp. 129, 137,) and then suddenly re-appears above the falls of Owamena or St. Anthony on the twelfth of the same month. Thus, Father Hennepin would make us believe that he descended from the Illinois to the sea, and returned to the falls of St. Anthony, in 43 days, time barely sufficient to enable him to proceed directly from the first to the last of these places, which, there is not the smallest doubt, is precisely what he did.

From the falls of St. Anthony, Hennepin ascended to the mouth of the St. Francis, where, on the 12th of April, 1680, he was taken prisoner, with the rest of his party, by the Issati or Nadowessi Indians, carried by them some distance to the north and east of the Mississippi, there detained until the beginning of July, and finally brought back, by the way of the St. Francis, to the falls of St. Anthony. Thence he was conducted by the savages to the mouth of the Wisconsin, where he finds the Sieur du Luth, and his party, who had been sent out some time before from Canada. The Indians carry them again to the Nadowessi country, and then permit them to return to Michilimakina, which they do by the way of the Wisconsin, and the Fox rivers. Hennepin's story of his adventures, during his captivity, is neither probable nor entertaining, giving no distinct idea of the topography of the country, and consisting of little else than a tedious alternation of fanciful descriptions, and evangelical apostrophes. Although it is palpable at every page that he well deserved the ungentle epithet of Father Hennepin the great liar,' by which he was generally known as well in Europe as in Canada, yet it cannot be denied that the discovery of the Falls of Owamena or St. Anthony, and the credit of having first explored the Mississippi, from the Wisconsin to the St.

Francis, belongs of right to him.* La Salle's descent to the mouth of the Mississippi, which constitutes the next era in the history of these discoveries, excited at the time a great and general interest throughout Canada and France; but the details of this, we must defer to the next number of our Review.

ART. XXXII.—1. Narrative of a Visit to Brazil, Chile, Peru, and the Sandwich Islands, during the years. 1821 and 1822. With Miscellaneous Remarks on the past and present state and political prospects of those Countries. By GILBERT FARQUHAR MATHISON. London, 1825.

2. Narrative of a Journey across the Cordillera of the Andes, and of a Residence in Lima, and other parts of Peru, in the years 1823 and 1824. By ROBERT PROCTOR. London, 1825.

It was naturally to be expected, that the South American republics should find among the foreigners, whom business or curiosity may have attracted to their shores, the same variety of calumniators and encomiasts, that it has been the good or ill fortune of our own country to have endured, since she assumed the responsibility of acting for herself. Already have Columbia, Buenos Ayres, and Peru, had their Welds, and their Fauxes, their Halls and their Harrises, who have encountered all the perils of the sea, and the divers perils of the land, solely for the philanthropic purpose of deciding the great question, which still so sorely perplexes the wise men of the East, whether the Western hemisphere be a heaven or a hell. It is exceedingly desirable, although scarcely to be hoped for, that among the Melchiors and the Caspars, who come to worship us as gods, or the scantier of faith, who doubt even our humanity, there might be found a few to whom the lucky thought might suggest itself, that perhaps after all, our social and political condition may belong to some part of the wide interval, which separates these two extremes. With regard to our southern brethren, we have little hopes of finding out the truth about them in any other way, than by making such large deductions from the accounts of them which reach us, as will bring the pros and cons into some kind of rough congruity. Perhaps among the books which depreciate the South Americans, the two narratives before us are not immeasurably removed from the medium we have spoken of. The

*St. Anthony and St. Francis were names given by Father Hennepin, and are now in common use.

first is an account of travels through Brazil, Chile, and Peru; and aims, as is usual in these cases, at great profundity of political speculation. Having had abundance of specimens of this sort of lucubration from the Manchester and Birmingham philosophers who have of late so luminously interpreted the mystery of our own institutions, we shall pay little or no attention to Mr. Mathison's disquisitions on "the evils of a revolutionary spirit, and the advantages of a system of aristocracy," but confine ourselves principally to such matters as appear to have come within his more immediate observation, and to have been easier to appreciate and understand.

Mr. Mathison left Lisbon in May, 1821, and reached the harbour of Rio Janeiro on the fourth day of August. He is enchanted with the scenery of the harbour, and vents his admiration in four lines of bad poetry, quoted from his commonplace book. The view of the city itself is not imposing. Very few towers, domes or steeples attract the eye by their superior height, and no handsome public buildings adorn the banks. The streets are narrow and filthy; the houses of stone, and generally two stories high, with green blinds; those of the wealthiest inhabitants have sometimes, however, a large portal, and court-yards enclosed within. The Government-house, Chapel Royal, Bank, Exchange, Custom-house, Arsenal, Museum, Library, and Theatre, are the principal buildings, but none of them remarkable for architectural elegance. The Theatre, in the language of Mr. Mathison, owes its erection to "Royal munificence," that is, in plain English, is supported by a compulsory tax upon the people. The house is large and handsomely fitted up; the performance tolerable only, and the music second-rate. Italian operas and Portuguese dramas are alternately represented. The latter "appear" to be dull, and Mr. Mathison's ears were disagreeably affected by the monotony of the recitation. The tragedy of Ignez de Castro is the favourite piece, as well from its real merits as from the additional recommendation of its nationality. The theatre is now the only public place of amusement, the bull fights having been recently discontinued. Indeed, says Mr. Mathison, with some appearance of regret," they do not seem ever to have been conducted with the spirit and enthusiasm which formerly marked such exhibitions in Portugal and Spain." Not long after Mr. Mathison's arrival, he had an opportunity of being present at a splendid ball and supper, given by the officers of the Portuguese army at the Theatre, in honour of the Constitution. The description is amusing.-"The Prince and Princess graced the festivities of that evening with their presence; but, according to