I never saw but Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester,
Did bear him like a noble gentleman.

Oft have I seen the haughty cardinal

More like a soldier than a man o' the church,
As stout and proud as he were lord of all,
Swear like a ruffian and demean himself
Unlike the ruler of a commonweal.
Warwick, my son, the comfort of my age,

Thy deeds, thy plainness, and thy house-keeping,
Hath won the greatest favour of the commons,
Excepting none but good Duke Humphrey :
And, brother York, thy acts in Ireland,

In bringing them to civil discipline,

185

190

181, 182. I never . noble gentleman] omitted Q. 183-187. Oft have I seen . a commonweal] 117-119. Oft... this haughtie Cardinall sweare, and forsweare himselfe, and brave it out, More like a Ruffin then a man of Church. 188-190. Warwick, my son • favour of the commons] 123-125. And thou, brave Warwicke, my thrice valiant sonne, Thy simple plainnesse and thy house-keeping, Hath wonne thee credit amongst the common sort. 191. Excepting . . . Humphrey] omitted Q. 192-196. And, brother Yorke . . . the people] 120, 121. Cosin Yorke, the victories thou hast wonne, In Ireland, Normandie, and in France, Hath wonne thee immortal praise in England.

Tragedy, Iv. iii. 27: "Behooues thee then, Hieronimo, to be reueng'd."

186. demean himself] behave himself. See Comedy of Errors, Iv. iii. 83 and v. i. 88. And below, 1. iii. 106; and Part III. 1. iv. 7. In Q at 1. iii. 106.

187. commonweal] In his later plays, excepting once in Measure for Measure, II. i. 42, Shakespeare has "commonwealth." "Commonweal" occurs four times in this play, four times in Titus Andronicus, and once in Part I. Not in Q.

188. Warwick, my son] "Thricevaliant son" of the Contention. The adjective occurs in Titus Andronicus and in Henry V. It occurs in Peele's Edward I. (circa 1589): "Simon de Montfort, her thrice-valiant son." See Introduction to Part I.

that they iudged him able to doe all things" (p. 652, The XXXIJ Yere). This is a much more satisfactory source than that quoted by Boswell Stone from Holinshed. See below, I. iii. 72.

189. house-keeping] hospitality. See Love's Labour's Lost, II. i. 104 (and note, Arden edition).

191. good Duke Humphrey] See note at line 156.

192, 193. York . . . in Ireland .. civil discipline] In the twenty-seventh year (p. 634) Grafton writes: "A new rebellyon began in Ireland, to the great displeasure of the King and his counsaill; for repressing whereof, Richard Duke of Yorke, with a convenient number of men, was sent thether as lieutenant to the king, which not onely appeased the fury of the wilde & savage people there, but also gat him such loue and favor of the countrey and the inhabitaunts that their sincere loue and friendly affection coulde never be separated from him and his lignage, as in the sequele of this storie you shall more plainely perceive." See below, III. i. 309, 310.

193. to civil discipline] Compare (Peele's) Jack Straw (Hazlitt's Dodsley, v. 398):

"If clemency may win their raging minds

To civil order I'll approve it first,"

Thy late exploits done in the heart of France,

When thou wert regent for our sovereign,

195

Have made thee feared and honoured of the people.

Join we together for the public good,

In what we can to bridle and suppress

The pride of Suffolk and the cardinal,

With Somerset's and Buckingham's ambition;

200

And, as we may, cherish Duke Humphrey's deeds,
While they do tend the profit of the land.

War. So God help Warwick, as he loves the land,

And common profit of his country!

204

York. [Aside.] And so says York, for he hath greatest cause. Sal. Then let's make haste away, and look unto the main.

War. Unto the main! O father, Maine, is lost!

That Maine which by main force Warwick did win,
And would have kept so long as breath did last :

Main chance, father, you meant; but I meant Maine, 210
Which I will win from France, or else be slain.

[Exeunt Warwick and Salisbury.

York. Anjou and Maine are given to the French;
Paris is lost; the state of Normandy

Stands on a tickle point now they are gone.

197-202. Join we together profit of the land] 126-129. The reverence of mine age, and Nevels name, Is of no little force if I command, Then let us ioyne all three in one for this, That good Duke Humphrey may his state possesse. 198-200. In what. ambition] omitted Q. 203-205. Omitted Q. 206-211. Then let's the main ... be slain] 138-142. Come sonnes away and looke... War. Which Warwicke by main force did win from France or else be slaine. Exet Salsbury and Warwicke. Calydon] omitted Q.

212-233. Anjou... of

206. look unto the main] A gambling term. It occurs in Lyly's Euphues, 1580: "Always have an eye to the mayne, whatsoeuer thou art chaunced at the buy" (Arber, p. 430). Grosart's Greene, vol. X. Name quibbling is plentiful in these plays, and always in Shakespeare.

See

...

213, 214. the state of Normandy now they are gone] See above, line 112: "These counties were the keys of Normandy." Grafton says (p. 625): "For her mariage, the Duchie of Aniow, the Citie of Mauns, and the whole Countie of Mayne were delivered and released to King Reyner her father, which Countries were the very stayes and backestandes to the Duchie of Normandie."

214. tickle] Greene has the word earlier in Mamillia and in The Carde of Fancie. Compare Hamlet, 11. ii, 337.

Suffolk concluded on the articles,

The peers agreed, and Henry was well pleased

215

To change two dukedoms for a duke's fair daughter.

I cannot blame them all: what is 't to them?

'Tis thine they give away, and not their own.

Pirates may make cheap pennyworths of their pillage, 220
And purchase friends, and give to courtezans,
Still revelling like lords till all be gone;

While as the silly owner of the goods

Weeps over them, and wrings his hapless hands,

And shakes his head, and trembling stands aloof,

225

While all is shared and all is borne away,
Ready to starve and dare not touch his own:
So York must sit and fret and bite his tongue

While his own lands are bargained for and sold.

Methinks the realms of England, France, and Ireland 230
Bear that proportion to my flesh and blood

As did the fatal brand Althæa burned

Unto the prince's heart of Calydon.

Anjou and Maine both given unto the French!

234-257. Anjou and Maine. . . fair England down] 143-166. Yorke, Anioy and Maine... faire England downe. Q reads: 236. England's soil] 145. England.

See, too, Lodge, The Wounds of Civil
War (Hazlitt's Dodsley, vii. 128):-
"The greatest towns and lords of Asia
Have stood on tickle terms through
simple truth"

(ante 1594). But the expression here,
"stands on a tickle point," is in Kyd's
Spanish Tragedy, ш. iv. 78. See note
at "now or never," 3 Henry VI. IV. iii.
24. See Introduction.

220. pennyworths] value. "Make cheap pennyworths" means make easy bargains. To equate the word with "trifles," as Schmidt does throughout, is quite wrong. See Winter's Tale, Iv. iv. 650; Merchant of Venice, 1. ii. 77. And Greene, Mamillia (Grosart, ii. 92): "I should stand to my pennyworth, having made my market like a foole."

222. revelling like lords] Compare "lording it," IV. viii. 47 below. "To swear like a lord" occurs in Elyot, The Governour (1884 edition, p. 87), 1531.

223. While as] while; "as" is superfluous, as it often is with expressions of time, such as now, then (or tho'), yet, etc. In Golding's Ovid it constantly occurs superfluously, though it stands the first word of the connection. Compare "whereas " and "whenas"; also "whileere" (Tempest, III. ii. 127) for "ere while."

Cold news for me, for I had hope of France,

235

Even as I have of fertile England's soil.

A day will come when York shall claim his own ;

And therefore I will take the Nevils' parts

And make a show of love to proud Duke Humphrey,

And, when I spy advantage, claim the crown,

240

For that's the golden mark I seek to hit.

Nor shall proud Lancaster usurp my right,

Nor hold the sceptre in his childish fist,

Nor wear the diadem upon his head,

Whose church-like humours fits not for a crown.

245

Then, York, be still awhile, till time do serve:

Watch thou and wake when others be asleep,

To pry into the secrets of the state;

Till Henry, surfeiting in joys of love,

With his new bride and England's dear-bought queen, 250
And Humphrey with the peers be fallen at jars:

Then will I raise aloft the milk-white rose,

With whose sweet smell the air shall be perfumed,
And in my standard bear the arms of York,
To grapple with the house of Lancaster;

245. fits] 154. fit. 235. Cold news] See again, 1. i. 86, 87 below. Unwelcome, disagreeable, bad news. Often used by Shakespeare in this sense. "Cold comfort" occurs in King John, and in The Taming of a Shrew; "colder tidings" is in Richard III.; "cold words" is in Two Angry Women of Abingdon (Hazlitt's Dodsley, vii. 334); in Day, and in Heywood. "Cold comfort" is several times in Nashe. In Kyd's Soliman and Perseda, III. i. 155, “Colde and comfortles news

255. grapple] 164. graffle.

255

marke whereat thou aimst" in Alcazar, 11. iv. (430, b).

244. wear the diadem] So Peele, Edward I. (396, a): “And wears the royal Scottish diadem."

245. Whose church-like humours] See note at line 156 above. And at iii. 53, 54.

249. Till] while.

249. surfeiting] cloyed, oversatiated, sick from excess. A thoroughly Shakespearian sense. See Measure for Measure, v. i. 102, etc. etc.

251. fällen at jars] Compare Iv. viii. 43. Earlier examples are given in New Eng. Dict. of "living at jar," etc., but it does not occur in Shakespeare.

252. milk-white rose] See note below at II. iii. 78.

255. grapple with] contend with. Compare King John, v. i. 61. Equivalent to "buckle with," used in these plays. See note at 1. ii. 90 below.

See

256. force perforce] by force. again King John, III. i. 142, and 2 Henry IV. 1v. i. 116. "Perforce " is very frequently used by Shakespeare. In 3 Henry VI. 11. iii. 5, "spite of spite' reads "force perforce in The True Tragedie (Quarto). The expression is

And, force perforce, I'll make him yield the crown,
Whose bookish rule hath pulled fair England down.

SCENE II.-The Duke of GLOUCESTER'S house.
Enter Duke HUMPHREY, and his wife ELEANOR.

[Exit.

Duch. Why droops my lord, like over-ripened corn,
Hanging the head at Ceres' plenteous load?
Why doth the great Duke Humphrey knit his brows,
As frowning at the favours of the world?
Why are thine eyes fixed to the sullen earth,
Gazing on that which seems to dim thy sight?
What seest thou there? King Henry's diadem
Enchased with all the honours of the world?
If so, gaze on, and grovel on thy face,
Until thy head be circled with the same.

5

ΙΟ

SCENE II. The house] Theobald. Enter .] Ff; Enter Duke Humphrey, and Dame Ellanor Cobham his wife Q. 1. Duch.] 1. Elnor. (and throughout). 2. Ceres'] 2. Cearies. 3-16. Why doth the ground] 3-7. What seest thou Duke Humphrey King Henries Crowne? Reach at it, and if thine arme be too short, Mine shall lengthen it. Art not thou a Prince, Vnckle to the King, and his Protector? might content thy minde.

in Kyd's Spanish Tragedy. See Intro

duction.

257. bookish] See Othello, 1. i. 24, and Winter's Tale, 111. iii. 73. "Bookish occurs frequently in Greene, as in Farewell to Follie, ix. 248: You are farre more bookish than wise"; and in Selimus (xiv. 204): "The schoolemen are prepard To plant 'gainst me their bookish ordinance."

The last part of this speech, 143-166, is identical with The Contention; and it is clear proof that the latter play is not only not wholly due to Greene, but is partly due to Shakespeare. Greene was incapable of this composition. It has the stamp of Shakespeare, and of no one else.

Then what shouldst thou lacke that

VI., 3 Henry VI., and Lucrece. See note at 3 Henry VI. II. ii. 20. In Grafton (1543).

5. sullen earth] See Sonnet 29. Not in Q. Gloomy, dark. See 1 Henry IV. 1. ii. 236.

8. Enchased with] studded, adorned with. A favourite phrase of Greene's but not again in Shakespeare. Compare Menaphon (Grosart, vi. 79): "His face is not inchacte with anie rusticke proportion"; and later (p. 123) in a beautiful "Eglogue":

It

"Hir christall chin like to the purest molde

Enchac'de with daintie daysies soft and white."

occurs earlier in Spenser, Faerie Queene (II. ix. 24)::

"a wandering vine

Enchaced with a wanton yvie twine."

And in Marlowe's Tamburlaine, Part I. (Dyce, 10, b), 1586: "Enchas'd with precious jewels of mine own." Not in Q.

10. circled with] Compare 3 Henry VI. IV. viii. 21; Titus Andronicus, III. i. 277, and Richard III. v. iv. 382. Not in Q.