Multidimensional Geographic Information ScienceCRC Press, 23.11.2000 - 332 Seiten Geographic Information Systems mainly tend to be two dimensional, thus limiting the applications. As GIS are being developed, researchers and practioners are finding new ways of making GIS three dimensional, even four dimensional in some instances, increasing their usability. This book focuses on the way in which GIS could be made `multidimensional' based on the modelling limitations of current 2D GIS. It suggests extending GIS to incorporate the third and fourth dimensions, as well as time (spatio-temporal GIS), using a variety of programming techniques and discusses current examples of multidimensional GIS. |
Inhalt
The worldview of geographic information science | 3 |
Discipline | 4 |
THEORETICAL COMMITMENTS OF THE GISC WORLDVIEW | 5 |
Metaphysics | 6 |
Ontology | 9 |
Epistemology | 10 |
Philosophy of mind | 17 |
Linguistics | 19 |
Twodimensional data modelling | 133 |
Threedimensional data modelling | 136 |
Georepresentation of processes | 138 |
Approaches to process modelling | 139 |
Spatiotemporal data modelling | 140 |
TWODIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 141 |
THREEDIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 145 |
Solid geometric modelling | 146 |
Cognitive science | 22 |
Informatics | 24 |
THE POSSIBILITY OF GISC | 28 |
Twodimensional representations of space | 31 |
Metaphysics of space and place | 32 |
Metaphors for geographical thinking | 33 |
Metaphysics of geographical and spatial representation | 34 |
Social conceptions of geographic space | 35 |
Naive geography | 36 |
Psychology of realism | 38 |
Space and spaces | 39 |
Metaphysical implications | 40 |
ONTOLOGY OF SPACE | 41 |
How do we characterise geographic kinds? | 42 |
How certain are we of the identity of geographical kinds? | 43 |
Cognitive maps | 44 |
Scale and space | 45 |
Spatial knowledge knowledge representation and spatial reasoning | 47 |
Space in language | 51 |
Space in representational art | 53 |
Social constitution of spatial concepts | 54 |
Absolute and relative views of space | 57 |
Ontological implications | 58 |
The evolution of epistemological theories of space | 59 |
Epistemological commitments of contemporary research on space | 62 |
THE ORIGINS OF TWODIMENSIONAL SPATIAL REPRESENTATION | 63 |
History of cartographic representation | 67 |
MAPS AS REPRESENTATIONS OF SPACE | 71 |
Maps and communication about space in the narrow sense | 72 |
Mapping as representation in the broad sense | 76 |
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS | 77 |
Surveying conventions | 78 |
Cartographic conventions | 80 |
The critique of GIS from social theory | 81 |
THE CURRENT AND FUTURE SCOPE OF GIS AND GISc | 82 |
Multidimensional representations of space and time | 85 |
Thinking on space and time between the Renaissance and the 20th century | 90 |
Research on space and time in the 20th century | 98 |
Philosophy of space and time | 102 |
Mathematics space and time | 106 |
The psychology of space and time | 108 |
Anthropological concepts of space and time | 110 |
Social construction of space and time | 111 |
CONCEPTS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 115 |
A framework for multidimensional concepts in the mesoscopic domain | 116 |
Cognitive science | 117 |
Social theory | 118 |
Multidimensional georepresentations for modelling | 121 |
Spatial and temporal structures | 124 |
Space and time connection hybrid | 125 |
Space and time connection integrated | 126 |
Model absolute | 127 |
Models of time | 129 |
Scale and space | 130 |
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF GEOREPRESENTATION | 131 |
Georepresentation of forms structures and properties | 132 |
Threedimensional data structures for georepresentation | 150 |
Parametric approaches | 151 |
Voxel approaches | 155 |
Hybrid approaches | 156 |
Databases for georepresentations | 157 |
Threedimensional spatial query and analysis | 158 |
MULTIDIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 160 |
SPATIOTEMPORAL KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION | 162 |
Temporal GIS | 163 |
Objectoriented spatiotemporal GIS | 165 |
Time geography | 167 |
Fourdimensional GIS | 168 |
Multidimensional process modelling | 170 |
THE POTENTIAL FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 171 |
Multidimensional georepresentations for exploration | 173 |
Multimedia data types as georepresentations | 175 |
Virtual environments as georepresentations | 178 |
Database storage of multimedia and virtual georepresentations | 182 |
Multimedia development and standards | 184 |
Hypermedia development environments | 185 |
SPATIAL MULTIMEDIA AND VIRTUAL REALITY SYSTEMS | 188 |
Multimediahypermedia GIS | 189 |
Web GIS | 190 |
Virtual reality GIS | 191 |
Realtime GIS | 192 |
Geolibraries | 194 |
MULTIDIMENSIONAL EXPLORATION OF GEOREPRESENTATIONS | 196 |
Visualisation data mining and animation of georepresentations | 199 |
CONCLUSIONS | 201 |
INTRODUCTION | 203 |
The geography of the North Norfolk Coast | 204 |
Hypermedia georepresentations for coastal management | 207 |
EXPERIMENTS IN HYPERMEDIA GEOREPRESENTATION | 208 |
Hypermedia functions in GIS | 210 |
Panoramap hypermedia environment | 211 |
POTENTIAL | 212 |
Georepresentation of dynamic coastal geophenomena CONTEXT | 213 |
Videometric measurement of processes | 214 |
Animating multidimensional landform behaviour | 215 |
Human spatiotemporal behaviour | 216 |
POTENTIAL | 217 |
Georepresentations of coastal change using virtual environments | 219 |
Interfaces to virtual georepresentations | 220 |
Timedependent display of virtual worlds | 223 |
Threedimensional modelling of coastal landforms | 225 |
EXPERIMENTS IN THREEDIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF COASTAL LANDFORMS | 226 |
Minimum tension isosurface modelling | 228 |
Tetrahedronbased modelling | 230 |
POTENTIAL | 231 |
Multidimensional georepresentation in coastal environments | 233 |
MULTIDIMENSIONAL COASTAL GEOREPRESENTATION EXPERIMENTS | 234 |
Multidimensional exploration of coastal change | 236 |
POTENTIAL | 237 |
References | 239 |
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