MIOCENE. EXAMPLES. 5. UPPER 6. LOWER MIOCENE. 7. UPPER EOCENE. 8. MIDDLE 9. LOWER E OCENE. British-a. Ferruginous sands of North Dowus? (p. 235). Foreign-a. Edeghem beds, Antwerp, with shells 61 per cent. of extinct species (p. 235). a. Diest sands (p. 234). Bolderberg beds of Belgium (p. 285). Faluns of Touraine, with testacea of sub-tropical character, Faluns, proper, of Bordeaux (p. 231). Freshwater strata of Gers, with remains of quadrumana (p. 232). Sands of Eppelsheim, with falunian quadrupeds (p. 244). Vienna basin, with shells four-fifths extinct species, and Dinotherium (p. 244). Beds of the Superga near Turin (p. 247). Deposit at Pikermé, near Athens, with fossil pachyderms and Swiss Eningen beds, rich in plants and insects (pp. 248-254). Siwalik hills, with freshwater shells and extinct quadrupeds Marine strata of the Atlantic border in the United States (p. Volcanic tuff and limestone of Madeira, the Canaries, and the British-Hempstead beds, marine and freshwater strata (p. Lignites and clays of Bovey Tracey, plants of sub-tropical character (p. 240). Isle of Mull leaf-bed, volcanic tuff (p. 242). Foreign-Calcaire de la Beauce, &c. (p. 219). Gres de Fontainebleau (p. 219). Lacustrine strata of the Limagne d'Auvergne (p. 222), and of the Cantal (p. 229). Lower marine and brackish strata of Bordeaux, with Cerithium plicatum, &c. (p. 232). Mayence basin, Littorinella limestone, and marls with Cyrena semistriata, &c. (p. 243). Radaboj beds of Croatia, with fossil plants and insects (p. 245). Brown coal of Germany (p. 246). Lower molasse of Switzerland, freshwater and brackish, with sub-tropical flora (pp. 258-263). Rupelian beds of Dumont, with Leda Deshayesiana, &c. (p. Middle Limburg (Kleyn Spawen) beds (Upper Tongrian of Lower Limburg (Lower Tongrian of Dumont) with marine Nebraska beds, with bones of extinct quadrupeds and chelonians (p. 279). British-1. Bembridge, fluvio-marine strata with Paleotherium, &c. (p. 283). 2. Osborne or St. Helen's series (p. 284). 8. Headon series, with marine and freshwater shells (p. 284). 4. Barton clay, with nummulites (p. 287). Foreign-1. Gypsum of Montmartre, freshwater with Paleothe- 2. Calcaire silicieux, or Travertin inférieur (p. 302). British-1. Bagshot and Bracklesham beds (p. 288). 2. White clays of Alum Bay, with plants of tropical genera (p. 290). Foreign-1. Calcaire grossier, miliolitic limestone (p. 303). 2. Soissonnais sands, or Lits coquilliers, with Nummulites planulata (p. 304). 3. Claiborne beds of United States, with Orbitoides and Zeuglodon (p. 310). British-1. London clay proper, shells, fish, and plants of subtropical types (p. 291). 2. Plastic or mottled clays of Woolwich, fluvio-marine (p 295). 3. Thanet sands, with Pholadomya, &c. (p. 297). Foreign-1. Argile de Londres near Dunkirk (p. 298). EOCENE. SECONDARY. (Terrains secondaires.) EXAMPLES. British-1. Wanting. 2. White chalk with flints, marine (p. 321). 8. Chalk marl, marine (p. 320). 4. Upper Greensand-fire-stone of Surrey, marine (p. 881). Foreign-1. Maestricht beds, with Mosasaurus (p. 815). 2. White chalk of France, Sweden and Russia (p. 818). 2 and 3. Sands and clays of Aix-la-Chapelle, with preponder- 4. Quader sandstein of Germany (p. 334). 5. Gault of the Loire (p. 382). 2 and 3. Hippurite limestone of South of France (p. 336). 2 to 5. New Jersey (U. S.) sands and marls (p. 338). 2 to 5. Siliceous limestone of Texas (p. 340). British-1. Ferruginous and green sands (p. 841). Kentish rag, or calcareous stone (p. 342). Atherfield beds, marine, with Perna Mulleti (p. 842). 2. Weald clay of Surrey, Kent, and Sussex, freshwater, with Cypris (p. 346). Hastings sands (Tunbridge and Ashburnham beds), fresh water, Iguanodon Mantelli (p. 348). Foreign-1. Neocomian of Neufchatel (p. 341). 2. Wealden beds of Hanover (p. 351). British-Upper Purbeck beds, freshwater, Purbeck Marble (p. 879). Middle Purbeck fluvio-marine, with numerous marsupial quad- Lower Purbeck freshwater, with intercalated dirt-bed (p. 389). Kimmeridge clay, bituminous shale, with marine shells, 24 per Foreign-Marnes à gryphées virgules of Argonne (p. 395). Lithographic stone of Solenhofen with Archeopteryx (p. 895). British-Coral-rag of Berkshire, Wilts, and Yorkshire (p. 398). Oxford clay, with belemnites and ammonites (p. 899). Kelloway rock of Wilts and Yorkshire, with shells, 21 per cent. Foreign-1. Nerinæan limestone of the Jura (p. 899). British-Cornbrash and forest marble of Wilts and Gloucester shire (p. 401). Great oolite of Bradford, with encrinites, &c. (p. 402). Stonesfield slate with marsupials and Araucaria (p. 405). Inferior oolite, with 24 per cent. of shells common to great Upper lias, argillaceous, with Ammonites striatulus, Spirifer, and Leptana (p. 417). Shale and limestone, with Ammonites bifrons (p. 418). Marlstone series, or middle lias divisible into three zones with characteristic Ammonites (p. 416). Lower lias, divisible into siz zones, Ammonites Bucklandi in the lowest but one, and A. planorbis in the lowest zone (p. 419). British-Penarth, or Avicula contorta beds-White lias, with fish of the genera Hybodus, &c. (p. 441). Dolomitic conglomerate of Bristol, with Thecodontosaurus, &c. (p. 447). Red clay, with thick beds of salt, at Northwich, in Cheshire (p. 448). Foreign--Keuper beds of Germany, with Microlestes and fish of the genera Hybodus, &c. (p. 432). St. Cassian or Hallstadt beds, with rich marine fauna (p. 434). British-New red sandstone of Lancashire and Cheshire, with Red sandstone of Connecticut Valley, with footprints of birds PRIMARY. (Terrains paléozoïques.) EXAMPLES. British-1. Concretionary magnesian limestone of Durham and 2. Brecciated magnesian limestone of Tynemouth Cliff, &c. (p. 3. Fossiliferous magnesian limestone, with Fenestella retiformis (p. 460). 4. Compact magnesian limestone (p. 461). 5. Marl-slate of Durham, with heterocercal fish (461). 6. Inferior sandstones, with plants resembling those of the coal, but differing in species (p. 462). Foreign-1. Stinkstein of Thuringia (p. 458). 2. Rauchwacke, ibid. (p. 458). 8. Dolomite or Upper Zechstein (p. 463). 4. Zechstein or Lower Zechstein (p. 463). 5. Mergel-schiefer or Kupfer-schiefer, with Protorosaurus (p. 6. Roth-liegendes of Thuringia, with Psaronius (p. 468). British-Coal measures of South Wales, with underclays enclos- Coal measures of Coalbrook Dale (p. 498). Millstone grit (p. 466). Carboniferous rocks of Ireland (p. 466). Foreign-St. Etienne coalfield, with erect fossil trees (p. 482) Carboniferous strata of Nova Scotia, with fossil forests, and Appalachian coalfield, 720 miles long and 180 miles wide, with British-Mountain limestone of Wales and South of England, Foreign-Mountain limestone of Belgium (p. 521). Kiesel-schiefer and Jungere Grauwacke of Germany, with Gypseous beds and Encrinital limestone, Nova Scotia (p. 522). British-Yellow sandstone of Dura Den, with Glyptolemus (p. 524, 583); and of Kilkenny with fossil fish (p. 524). Pilton group of North Devon, with Spirijer disjunctus (p. 536). Petherwyn group of Cornwall, with Clymenia and Cypridina (p. 587). Foreign-Clymenien kalk and Cypridinen-schiefer of Germany Limestones of the Fichtelgebirge, with trilobites of the genera Catskill and Chemung group of New York, U. S. (p. 544). British-Sandstones of Forfarshire and Perthshire, with Holoptychius, &c. (p. 526). Bituminous schists of Gamrie, Caithness, &c., with numerous fish (p. 531). Unfossiliferous series of North Devon (p. 538). Ilfracombe beds with mauy trilobites and corals, and with ce- Foreign-Eifel limestone with underlying schists containing Corniferous formation of Western Canada and New York (p. Devonian strata of Russia (p. 542). British-Arbroath paving-stones with Cephalaspis, Pterygotus, and Parka (p. 526). Lower sandstones of Caithness with Pterygotus (p. 581). Sandstones and slates of the Foreland and Linton (p. 541). Sandstones of Torquay with broad-winged spirifers (p. 541) Foreign-South African Devonian strata with Homalonotus, &c. (p. 546). Oriskany sandstone of Western Canada and New York (p. 546). EXAMPLES. British-Upper Ludlow formation, Downton sandstone, with Lower Ludlow formation, comprising Aymestry limestone and Woolhope limestone and grit (p. 560). Foreign-Niagara limestone, with Calymene, Homalonotus, &c. (p. 571). British-Upper Llandovery, comprising Tarannon shale and May-hill sandstone and limestone, with Pentamerus lævis, &c. (p. 560). Lower Llandovery slates (p. 561). Foreign-Clinton group of America, with Pentamerus lævis, &c. (p. 571.) Silurian strata of Russia, with Pentamerus (p. 569). British-Caradoc and Bala beds, with Trinucleus Caractaci, &c. Llandeilo flags, with graptolites and interstratified volcanic Foreign-Ungulite or Obolus grit of Russia (p. 569). Hudson River group and Trenton limestone of North America, with Trinucleus, &c., and Black River limestone, with large Orthoceras (p. 571). Orthoceras limestone of Sweden (p. 572). British-Tremadoc slates, with trilobites of genera, partly Silu- Foreign-"Primordial" zone of Bohemia, with trilobites of the Alum schists of Sweden and Norway (p. 581). Potsdam sandstone, with Dikelocephalus and Obolella (p. 581). British-Harlech grits, with Arenicolites sparsus, &c. (p. 578). Foreign-Huronian series of Canada (p. 588). British-Fundamental gneiss of the Hebrides? (p. 585).. Foreign-Labradorite series north of the river St. Lawrence in Adirondack Mountains of New York (p. 584). British-Wanting? Foreign-Beds of gneiss and quartzite, with interstratified limestones, in one of which, 1000 feet thick, occurs a foraminifer, Eozoon Canadense, the oldest known fossil (p. 584). CHAPTER X. RECENT AND POST-PLIOCENE PERIODS. Recent and Post-pliocene periods-Terms defined-Formations of the Recent period-Modern littoral deposits containing works of art near Naples-Danish peat and shell mounds-Swiss lake-dwellings-Periods of stone, bronze, and iron-Form of human skulls of the Recent period-Post-pliocene formationsCoexistence of man with extinct mammalia-Higher and Lower-level Valleygravels-Loess or inundation mud of the Nile, Rhine, &c.-Antiquity of Postpliocene Lake-terraces in Switzerland-Upraised marine strata in Sardinia— Origin of caverns-Remains of man and extinct quadrupeds in cavern deposits -Cave of Kirkdale-Reindeer period of south of France-Australian cavebreccias-Geographical relationship of the provinces of living vertebrata and those of extinct Post-pliocene species-Extinct struthious birds of New Zealand -Fluctuations of climate in Post-glacial period-Comparative longevity of species in the mammalia and testacea-Teeth of recent and Post-pliocene mammalia. FROM the general tables, given at the end of the last chapter, the reader will have learned that the uppermost or newest strata are called Post-tertiary, as being more modern than the Tertiary. It will also be observed that the Post-tertiary formations are divided into two subordinate groups: the Recent, and Post-pliocene. In the former, or the Recent, the mammalia as well as the shells are identical with species now living; whereas in the Post-pliocene a part, and often a considerable part, of the mammalia belong to extinct species. To this nomenclature it may be objected that the term Postpliocene should in strictness include all geological monuments posterior in date to the Pliocene; but when I have occasion to speak of the whole collectively, I shall call them Post-tertiary, and reserve the term Post-pliocene for the older Post-tertiary formations, while the Upper or newer ones will be called "Recent." Cases will occur where it may be scarcely possible to draw the boundary line between the Recent and Post-pliocene deposits; and we must expect these difficulties to increase rather than diminish with every advance in our knowledge, and in proportion as gaps are filled up in the series of records. In 1839 I proposed the term Pleistocene as an abbreviation for Newer Pliocene, and it soon became popular, having been adopted by the late Edward Forbes in his admirable essay on "The Geological Relations of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles;" but he applied the term almost precisely in the sense in which I shall use Post-pliocene in this volume, and not as short for Newer Pliocene. In order to prevent confusion, I think it best entirely to abstain from |