WATER SUPPLY.

ANALYSTS, AND OTHERS.

Gas Manufacture (The Chemistry of). A Handbook on the Production, Purification, and Testing of Illuminating Gas, and the Assay of Bye-Products. By W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S. With Illustrations. SECOND EDITION, Revised and Enlarged. With Section on ACETYLENE. 10s. 6d.

"Well deserving a place in every gas engineering library."—Journal of Gas Lighting. Acetylene: The Principles of its Generation and Use. By F. H. LEEDS, F.I.C., F.C.S., Member of the Society of Public Analysts and of the Acetylene Association; and W. J. ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S., Consulting Chemist, Author of "The Chemistry of Gas Manufacture.' With Diagrams and Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 5s. net. Central Electrical Stations: Their Design, Organisation, and Management. Including the Generation and Distribution of Electrical Energy. By CHAS. H. WORDINGHAM, A.K.C., M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.Mech. E., late Member of Council Institute of Electrical Engineers, and Electrical Engineer to the City of Manchester. In Large 8vo. Handsome Cloth. Profusely Illustrated with Plates, Diagrams, and Figures. 24s. net.

"One of the MOST VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS to Central Station literature we have had for some time."-Electricity.

Sewage Disposal Works: A Guide to the Construction of Works for the Prevention of the Pollution by Sewage of Rivers and Estuaries. By W. SANTO CRIMP, M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S. SECOND EDITION, Revised and Enlarged. Large 8vo, Handsome Cloth. With 37 Plates. Price 30s.

"The MOST COMPLETE AND BEST TREATISE on the subject which has appeared in our language.” -Edinburgh Medical Journal.

Trades' Waste: Its Treatment and Utilisation, with Special Reference to the Prevention of Rivers' Pollution. By W. NAYLOR, F.C.S., A.M.Inst.C.E. With Numerous Plates, Diagrams, and Illustrations. 21s. net.

"Replete with practical information of a technical character."-Local Government Journal. Calcareous Cements: Their Nature, Preparation, and Uses. With some

Remarks upon Cement Testing. By GILBERT REDGRAVE, Assoc.Inst.C.E. With Illustrations, Analytical Data, and Appendices on Costs, etc. 8s. 6d.

"Invaluable to student, architect, and engineer."—Building News.

Road Making and Maintenance: A Practical Treatise for Engineers, Surveyors, and others. With an Historical Sketch of Ancient and Modern Practice. By THOMAS AITKEN, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E., M. Assoc. Municipal and County Engrs.; M. San. Inst. With numerous Plates, Diagrams, and Illustrations. 218.

"Should be on the reference shelf of EVERY MUNICIPAL AND COUNTY ENGINEER in the United Kingdom."-The Surveyor.

Light Railways at Home and Abroad. By WILLIAM HENRY COLE, M.Inst.C.E., late Deputy Manager, North-Western Railway, India. Large 8vo, Handsome Cloth, Plates and Illustrations. 16s.

"Will remain for some time yet a Standard Work in everything relating to Light Railways.”— The Engineer.

Practical Sanitation: A Handbook for Sanitary Inspectors and others interested in Sanitation. By GEO. REID, M.D., D.P.H., Medical Officer, Staffordshire County Council. With Appendix on Sanitary Law, by Herbert Manley, M.A., M.B., D.P.H. EIGHTH EDITION, Revised. 6s.

"A HANDBOOK useful to SANITARY INSPECTORS, and ALL interested in Sanitary matters."— Sanitary Record.

Sanitary Engineering: A Practical Manual of Town Drainage and Sewage and Refuse Disposal. By FRANK WOOD, A.M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., Borough Surveyor, Fulham. Fully Illustrated. 8s. 6d. net.

"A VERITABLE POCKET COMPENDIUM of Sanitary Engineering."-Public Health Engineer. Dairy Chemistry: A Practical Handbook for Dairy Managers, Chemists, and Analysts. By H. DROOP RICHMOND, F.C.S., Chemist to the Aylesbury Dairy Company. With Tables, Illustrations, etc. Handsome Cloth, 16s.

"The BEST CONTRIBUTION to the subject that has yet appeared."-The Lancet.

Flesh Foods: With Methods for their Chemical, Microscopical, and Bacteriological Examination. A Handbook for Medical Men, Inspectors, Analysts, and others. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, B.A., F.I.C., Mem. Council Soc. of Public Analysts. With numerous Illustrations and a coloured Plate. 10s. 6d.

"WILL SAVE Medical Men, Analysts, Sanitary Inspectors, and others AN INFINITE AMOUNT OF REFERENCE."-The Lancet.

Foods: Their Composition and Analysis. By A. WYNTER BLYTH, M.R.C.S., F. C.S., Public Analyst for the County of Devon; and M. WYNTER BLYTH, B.A., B.Sc., F.C.S. With Tables, Folding Plate, and Frontispiece. FIFTH EDITION, thoroughly Revised and Re-written.

21s.

"AN ADMIRABLE DIGEST of the most recent state of knowledge."-Chemical News.

LONDON CHARLES GRIFFIN & CO., LTD., EXETER ST., STRAND.

A STUDENT'S HANDBOOK

ON

THE CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE SELECTION
OF SOURCES AND THE DISTRIBUTION
OF WATER.

BY

REGINALD E. MIDDLETON,

M. INST. C. E., M. INST.MECH. E., F.S.I.

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS, PLANS AND TABLES.

LONDON:

CHARLES GRIFFIN & COMPANY, LIMITED,

EXETER STREET, STRAND.

[All rights reserved.]

108773
JUL 23 1907
SW
•M58

6541976

PREFACE.

In view of the many excellent treatises on Waterworks Engineering already in existence, it may appear that there is little opening for another work on the same subject. In the opinion of the writer and the publishers of this book, however, there is still need for a small work, more particularly suitable, perhaps, for engineering students, setting forth in a compact manner the general scientific principles on which the subject is based, and serving as an introduction to the larger, more technical, and more highly priced treatises.

It is in the hope of supplying such a need that the book makes its appearance.

Special prominence has therefore been given to such questions as the quality of the water, the interpretation of analyses, the stability of masonry dams, the flow of water through the pipes, and the general application of mathematics to the subject, etc.

At the same time, it has been the aim of the writer to bear well in mind the fact that theory is useless without practical knowledge to supplement it. Many rules of thumb' and practical hints, as well as descriptions of existing works, are given, based either on the writer's own experience or on that of others, and it is hoped that the young engineer will find the book useful as an introduction. either to his practical work or to his study of more comprehensive books.

Little has been said about pumping machinery in dealing with supplies requiring to be artificially raised. It was felt that to have dealt with this part of the subject adequately would have unduly extended the book to little purpose, and that there are many excellent works dealing with it; it was thought, however, that the very few general observations which have been introduced might serve as a guide to a more extended examination.