ration produced relatively low gains in live weight, and the bodies of the pigs were abnormal as regards the development of the skeleton, muscles, and internal organs. The amount of blood for each 100 pounds of dressed carcass of the corn-fed pigs was greatly decreased below normal. The tenderloin and other muscles were relatively light, the proportion of internal fat and that stored within

Figs. 76 and 77:-Cuts of pigs fed for "fat and for lean"; Fig. 76 shows the disposition of fat and lean in the necks of the pigs, and Fig. 77 the fat and the lean of the loin or small of the back of the pigs. A, fed for lean; B, fed for fat. Note the large size of the individual muscles of the protein-fed pigs over those fed carbohydrates. Corn should be supplemented by clover, shorts, peas, skim milk, and similar feeds to bring the best results in feeding pigs. (Wisconsin Station.)

the muscular tissue was abnormally high, and the strength of the bones of the corn-fed pigs was greatly diminished, resulting, in general, in a weakly animal that would fall an easy prey to disease and accidents.

The lesson brought out by these and other experiments along this line is that young animals must receive a feed or a com

bination of feeds fairly rich in protein and mineral matter (N. R., 1: 7 or less), that will develop a body with normal bone structure, muscles, and internal organs. As corn is deficient in both these constituents, pigs require supplementary feeds of nitrogenous character (skim milk, middlings, peas, tankage, dried blood, etc.) for a normal growth, or, at least, an addition of wood ashes, ground bone, or ground rock phosphate (floats), to build up a strong frame. Sa

Other Concentrates.—Where Indian corn does not do well, other cereals may take its place to advantage in the feeding of pigs; wheat, barley, rye, kafir corn, field peas, cowpeas, soybeans, etc., are all valuable swine feeds when it is practicable to feed them, either in

Fig. 78.–Meal time for the swine herd. Intelligent feeding and careful management make well-bred hogs a source of profit on most farms. Note construction of individual hog houses. (Wisconsin Station.)

combination with Indian corn or with each other. Barley occupies a similar place to the farmers of California (and of northern Europe) as corn does in the corn-growing States, and has the advantage over corn in being higher both in protein and ash. It will give best results with pigs if ground or soaked before feeding. Oats are not a satisfactory swine feed on account of their high fiber content, except for breeding stock and shoats that are not being fattened. In the case of these animals they may be fed whole, scattered on the ground or on a feeding floor, so as to give the animals exercise at the same time (Fig. 78).

Of other concentrates that are sometimes fed to pigs with good results may be mentioned dried beet pulp, molasses beet pulp, dried distillers' grains, molasses, cocoanut meal, peanut meal, linseed

meal, and cotton seed meal (in small amounts only, mixed with other grain feeds).

Dairy products form a most important group of swine feeds in dairy sections, and are used extensively as feeds supplementary to Indian corn. The results obtained in feeding skim milk and corn to pigs depend, to a large extent, on the proportions in which the two feeds are given. Skim milk alone will produce very unsatisfactory results in feeding pigs, and more than five or six pounds of skim milk per pound of corn is also likely to give poor returns. The ratio of skim milk to grain to be fed will depend upon the relative price of the two feeds and on the age of the animals; fed to pigs shortly after weaning, larger proportions of milk will give

FIG. 79.-Making pork on rape and oats. The average returns for three years on this pasture were $22.84 per acre. (Missouri Station.)

better results than with older animals. The results of a large number of trials at the Wisconsin station and elsewhere showed that a ration of 3 to 1 will give most economical results in gain of live weight. Fed in the ratio of 3 pounds of milk for each pound of corn meal, Henry found 10 that 327 pounds of milk were required to save 100 pounds of meal; in the ratio of 3-5: 1 it required 446 pounds; 5-7: 1, 574 pounds, and 7-9: 1, 552 pounds, and, on the average for all trials, 475 pounds (p. 207).

Corn is the best supplemental grain to feed with skim milk or buttermilk for growing pigs; with whey, on the other hand, wheat shorts, pea meal, or linseed meal as a part of the grain ration is to be preferred, being mixed with corn in increasing proportions of the latter as the animals approach maturity." Trials made in this

Utah Bulletin 57; Conn. (Storrs) Bulletin 39.

Wisconsin Report 1895; see also Cornell Bul. 199; Utah Bul. 94; Mich. Spec. Bul. 92; Purdue (Ind.) Bul. 137.

"Wisconsin Report 8, p. 38; Ontario Report, 1896.

country and abroad have shown that 1000 pounds of ordinary whey, when fed with grain feed, such as corn meal and barley or shorts, will save 100 pounds of grain in feeding fattening pigs, and that two pounds of whey are worth about as much as one pound of skim milk or buttermilk in feeding swine (p. 209). Canadian experiments have shown no appreciable difference in the feeding value of sweet and sour whey, but whey run through a separator or from separator skim milk is worth only 75 to 80 per cent as much as common whey obtained in the manufacture of American cheddar cheese. 12

Garbage (Kitchen Refuse).–Fresh garbage makes a very satisfactory feed for hogs (as well as for poultry), if of good quality and fed under sanitary conditions. About 10 pounds a day is an average allowance for fattening hogs when fed with grain, or 15 to 20 pounds if no other feed is given. Since garbage has a high

.

Fig. 80.- Making pork on blue grass. The average returns for four years on this pasture

were $15.18 per acre. (Missouri Station.) water content (70 per cent or over), the best results are obtained by giving supplementary grain, say 1 or 2 per cent of the weight of the hogs per day. A ton of garbage will produce about 100 pounds of pork, on the average. Care must be taken to feed clean garbage only, free from alkaline dish-water, pieces of broken glass or dishes, etc. 12a

Pastures.—As with other farm animals, swine will make the cheapest gains when grazing or harvesting their own feed (Figs. 79 and 80); pasture only, without any supplementary grain feed, will not, however, produce satisfactory gains, whether this consists of mixed grasses, clover, or alfalfa. In trials at the Utah station 13 pigs weighing 60 to 75 pounds when on pasture (alfalfa and mixed grasses, chiefly the former), gained only 0.2 pound daily; pigs receiving one-half grain ration when on pasture gained 0.7 pound; and those receiving a full grain ration gained 1.2 pounds daily. The pasturage saved about 15 per cent in the amount of grain required for the production of 100 pounds gain. The practice of feeding pastured pigs small grain rations is an economical method of carrying pigs over summer that are to be fattened later, since such pigs make rapid gains when put on full feed, and as a slightly less cost than those fed a full ration from the start.

Alfalfa pasture alone will furnish but little more than a maintenance ration for pigs, 14 but if grain is fed, all of this can then be used for production. Two pounds of corn or more per 100 pounds of pigs have generally been found more profitable than a lighter ration, but if grain is high and pork low, 1 per cent grain will be likely to give the most economical returns.15 When grain is fed, an acre of alfalfa will furnish pasture for at least 2000 pounds of pigs (15 to 20 shoats of medium weight), and will produce 500 to 800 pounds of pork, according to the kind of pigs fed, pasture and weather conditions.

Temporary Pastures.—Rape (Fig. 79), soybean, cowpeas, Indian corn, sorghum, etc., furnish excellent feed for growing pigs and brood sows and will enable the animals to make rapid gains when supplemented with grain. Pork can be produced more cheaply by feeding grain with green forage than by feeding either alone. The value of rape pasture for feeding swine, especially for breeding sows, is well understood (p. 138).15a

Hogging down corn is a common practice of harvesting a corn field in the corn-growing States. The method is especially adapted to sections where labor is scarce. The corn is generally allowed to nearly mature, and pigs of medium weight (80 to 120 pounds) or brood sows are turned in to gather the corn. They will eat the ear corn and leave a great deal of the coarser part of the plant, husks, cornstalks, and cobs to be plowed under, which, with the manure from the hogs, will greatly improve the humus content and the fertility of the land. Incidentally the pigs get considerable exercise and fresh air and will be less susceptible to disease than

14 Oklahoma Report, 1899; Mississippi Report, 1905; Nebraska Bulletin 99.

15 Nebraska Bulletin 95, 99, 124; Colorado Bulletin 2; N. M. Bul. 90; Mo. Bul. 79; Kan. Bul. 192.

La N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bul. 64; N. D. Cir. 9; S. D. Bul. 160; N. C. Cir. 20; Ga. Cir. 73; U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 258.