municated by rightful authority are null and void; but the Anglican clergy were excommunicated by rightful authority; therefore their acts are null and void. The Missionary admits that the excommunication of the Anglican clergy was issued by the proper authority, because he says, "the excommunication by the Roman pontiff is good and valid, provided," &c. Now this proviso was the very reason that urged the pope to cut off the Anglican prelates from the communion of the church. They were not only guilty of heresy or schism; but they were guilty both of heresy and schism; of the first, in as much as they conceded to a temporal prince a spiritual headship which belongs only to the chief pastor of Christendom, as was universally acknowledged by the church at the time of the reformation: of the second, in forming a church apart from the universal church, and withdrawing from an ecclesiastical jurisdiction which had always before been admitted in England and every where else.

THE CATHOLIC SENTINEL.-We regret to learn that this spirited and ably conducted weekly has been discontinued for want of adequate patronage.

To CORRESPONDENTS.-We have before us an article of a highly literary character, on the discovery of America, which will be read with interest. Another, a conversation between a student of theology and a geologist, is of a very instructive nature. The respective authors will accept our thanks for these valuable contributions. X is declined, chiefly because the subject of his remarks, owing to the manner in which it is treated, is not sufficiently interesting.

OBITUARY.

Died, on the morning of the 22d May, at Baltimore, Rev. Adolphus Williamson of the diocess of Boston, Mass.

Mr. Williamson was born in 1805, at Baltimore,

and received a liberal education at St. Mary's college, in that city. After the completion of his studies, so far as was deemed useful to fit him for a mercantile life, he devoted himself to business pursuits; but the consideration of the many dangers to which he was exposed in the world induced him to abandon its cares and distractions for the more peaceful occupations of a clergyman. Accordingly he entered the seminary of St. Mary's, in 1829, with a view to prepare himself for the duties of the holy ministry. To succeed the better in his undertaking, he visited Rome in 1831, and remained there in the prosecution of his studies until the year 1835. On his return to Baltimore, he attached himself to St. Mary's college, where he performed the duties of a teacher. From this post he removed to Boston, and for several years exercised the functions of the ministry at the Cathedral, with considerable zeal and success. He was more particularly charged with the care of the children belonging to that numerous congregation, who will never forget his untiring solicitude and exertions to promote their spiritual welfare. During the last year of his life, Mr. Williamson was charged with the congregation at Worcester, Massachusetts. There he contracted a disease, which rendered a surgical operation necessary, and for this purpose he repaired to Baltimore, to avail himself of the best professional aid, as well as to be in the midst of his family and friends. This comfort he did not long enjoy. A few weeks after he had come to his native city, he was attacked with a violent apoplexy, which at once deprived him of his faculties, and in this state he remained until the moment of his death. Several days before he was visited with this fatal sickness, he had received the consolations of religion at the hands of Rev. A. Elder, of St. Mary's college.

Mr. Williamson was of a pleasant disposition, generous feelings, active in the discharge of his duties, and liberal to the poor. While we sympa. thize with his excellent family at the loss they have sustained, we cherish the hope that he has been called to the enjoyments of a brighter and happier world.

Died, on the 16th of March, at Paris, the Very Rev. Anthony Garnier, superior general of the Society of St. Sulpitius. See a notice of him, p. 396.

Father Oswald, a genuine Catholic story. Second (stereotype) edition: revised, corrected, and improved. New York: Casserly & Sons. Baltimore: John Murphy. 18mo., pp. 299.

We are glad to perceive that a second edition of this very instructive and entertaining work has been published. The appearance of this edition is a proof that the merits of the volume have been, in some degree at least, appreciated by the Catholic community in this country. We think it can not be too widely circulated among all classes. The late edition has still higher claims upon public patronage than the first, having been issued in a more convenient form, and been carefully revised, corrected, and improved throughout. Not only every page, but every paragraph has undergone a rigid and searching scrutiny; redundancies have been pruned, omissions supplied, and inaccuracies rectified in innumerable instances, and altogether the volume is one of the most useful among our modern books of popular theology.

The Catholic Christian instructed in the Sacraments, Sacrifice, Ceremonies and Observances of the Church, by way of question and answer. By the Most Rev. Dr. Challoner. New York: E. Dunigan. Baltimore: John Murphy. 18mo., pp. 252. This work is well known in the Catholic world as one of the very best for the succinct and satisfactory explanation of whatever appertains to the practices of the Catholic church. We may merely add that the edition just issued is very neatly executed and very cheap.

The Boston Tablet, a weekly periodical. J. B. Fitagerald, editor and publisher.

We have already adverted to this new auxiliary to the periodical press, and expressed our gratification at the favorable auspices under which the publication was to be commenced. The appearance of the first and second numbers confirms our expectations of the successful manner in which the Tablet will be conducted.

tic slope, the Pacific coast, and the Great Basin. All of the waters resulting from rain-fall or the melting of the snows on the mountains in the Great Basin can find no outlet to the ocean, but must either disappear in desert sands or drain into the Great Salt Lake.

The fame of this large body of "noxious and extremely salt" water penetrated southward to the early Spanish explorers, and the French from the Northwest got near enough to it a century ago to hear of its magnitude and peculiarities. It is put down, therefore, in maps made toward the end of the last century as much by guess as maps of twenty years ago contained the lakes of Central Africa in problematic positions. When the trappers of the fur companies began to overrun the Rocky Mountains, Utah was invaded, and the beautiful valleys of the northern Wahsatch became favorite wintering places. From any of these peaks the lake would be visible, but it is not known that before 1825 any white man had reached its shore. It was not until Captain Bonneville had come back from oblivion to the eyes of a surprised world, and Washington Irving had written his travels, in 1837, that we knew anything definitely about this inland salt sea, and could place it on a map correctly. It is a great pity that the good and proper name Lake Bonneville has been lost in the prosaic name it now bears, and will probably forever retain; but a just attempt to restore it has been made by Major Powell's survey. The present lake is only a remnant of a more ancient and larger body of water, whose bounds can now be easily traced in the horizontal benches along the base of the mountains.

Stimulated by Irving's book, emigration immediately began overland to Oregon. In 1842 and 1843, General Fremont piloted his celebrated expedition through the mountains and made a boat trip on the lake, although at that time it was not the property of the United States, but belonged to Mexico.

Utah and its lake were well known to geographers when the Mormon Church, expelled from Illinois, driven out of Missouri, and persecuted to the point of death in Iowa, decided to abandon their beautiful Nauvoo, and betake themselves not

ernment they hated.

Days counted themselves into weeks, and weeks made months, and months followed one another from early spring into midsummer, and still the emigrants, likening themselves to Israel in the wilderness, kept their faces westward. On the 24th of July, 1847, the head of the advance train, winding its way down through the last tortuous little ravine in the western foot-hills of the Wahsatch, looked out on that great basin-miles of sage-green velvety slopes sweeping down on every side from the bristling mountain rim to the azure surface of the tossing salt sea.

Brigham Young, their leader, told them that here the Lord commanded a halt, and directed that His tabernacle should be set up. This sounded well, and perhaps the majority believed; but Young knew well enough that beyond lay the lifeless alkali deserts, and that this spot was the very last upon which his band of faithful emigrants could be colonized with any hope for the future.

But the camp was not made on the borders of the Great Salt Lake, nor is the present city in proximity to it. It is almost twenty miles away in a straight line, and just at the base of the range. Indeed, it is only from the "bench" that the lake can be seen at all from within the city limits, and then it appears only as a line of distinct color between the dusty olive of the hither plain and the vague blue of the further hills.

Among the first things that Brigham Young ordered done after his pioneers had come into the valley was to survey a site for the future city. This was done on a generous scale. The streets are a hundred and thirty feet wide, run true to the points of the compass, and cross one another at right angles. Each square contains ten acres, so that when of an evening you walk "around the block," just to smoke a post-prandial cigarette, you will tramp exactly half a mile. A square of nine blocks was made to constitute a "ward," of which the city now has twenty-four, each ward being presided over by a bishop of the Church, who, however, was more a temporal than a spiritual head in those first days, deciding all small cases in dispute, when there was no appeal,