FIRST LATIN BOOK.

1. LATIN GRAMMAR teaches the principles of the Latin Language; and is divided into Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody.

PRONUNCIATION.

2. In pronouncing Latin we follow the analogy of our own language, as the different nations of Europe follow theirs; because the manner in which the Romans pronounced it, is lost.

NOTE. The curved line over a vowel shows it to be short; the horizontal line shows it to be long. The circumflex A shows a contraction, as, nummûm, for nummōrum.

Λ

ACCENT.

3. In all words the accent is either on the penult or the antepenult.

4. The penult is the last syllable but one, the antepenult, the last syllable but two.

5. In words of two syllables the penult, which is of course the first syllable, is always accented, as, pá-ter, bel'-lum, ná-vis.

1. What does Latin Grammar teach? How divided?-2. How do we pronounce Latin? Why? Note. What are the three marks of quantity, and when used?-3. Where is the accent in all words?4. What is the penult? What the antepenult 2-5. What is the rule for the accent of words of two syllables?

6. In words of more than two syllables the accent depends on the quantity or length of the penult. If the penult be long it is accented, as, amā'-bam, ami'-cus, liber'-tas, secu'-rus. If the penult be short, the accent is on the antepenult, as, hom'-ines, leg'-ère, lit'-era.

NOTE.-If the penult is common, the accent, in prose, is on the antepenult; as, volucris: but genitives in ius, in which the i is common, accent the i in prose; as, illi'-us.

SOUNDS OF THE VOWEL.

7. When the penult is accented, the vowel has the long sound when followed by a single consonant, or by another vowel; as, ca'-put, re'-i, sermones: but when followed by two consonants or the double consonant x, it has the short sound, as, frond'-us, reg'-num, respon'-dens,

bux'-us.

8. When the antepenult is accented its vowel has generally the short sound; as, trad'-itus, exer'-citus, tantum'-modo.

Exc. 1. U is pronounced long before a single consonant, as, ju'-dices.

Exc. 2. When the vowel of the antepenult comes before another vowel, it has also the long sound, as, muli'. ĕres, oce' -ănus.

Exc. 3. The antepenult is also pronounced long when the vowel of the penult is e or i before another vowel; as, gra'-tia, impe'-rium: unless the vowel of the antepenult is i, when it follows the general rule, and is pronounced short, as, Scip'-io, perfid'-ia.

6. What of words of more than two syllables? Note. When the penult is common what is the rule? What do you mean by common? See § 14.-7. What is the sound of the vowel when the penult is accented?-8. What when the antepenult? What is the first exception? What the second? What the third?

SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS."

9. C and G are sounded hard before a, o, and u, as, carpo, colo, gustus; but soft before e, i, and y, as, cera, cibus, gelidus.

10. Ch, has the sound of k, as, charta, pronounced like karta.

11. Es, in the end of a word, is pronounced like our English word ease, as, pes, ignes: Os at the end of plural cases is pronounced like our word dose; as, nos, hos, popúlos.

RULES FOR THE QUANTITY OF THE PENULT.

12. (1.) A vowel before another vowel is short; as, rupium, innocentia, radius.

13. (2.) A vowel before two consonants (except a mute and a liquid) or before a double consonant, is long, by position, as it is called; as, rēgnum, benigna, pēnna, mājor.

14. (3.) A vowel before a mute and a liquid is common, that is, either long or short; as, pa'-tris, vol'-ucris. 15. (4.) A diphthong is always long; as, au'-rum, Cæ'-sar.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

16. Orthography treats of the letters of a language, and the correct mode of spelling words.

17. The Latin alphabet has the same number of letters as the English, excepting W.

9. How are C and G sounded?-10. What sound has ch 211. How are es and os sounded?-12. What is the first rule for the quantity of syllables?-13. What the second?-14. What the third? 15. What the fourth ?-16. What is orthography ?-17. How many letters in the Latin language?

18. Of these, six are vowels, a, e, i, o, u, y.

Four are

called liquids, as, l, m, n, r. Eight are mutes, p, b, t, d, c, k, q, and g. Three are double consonants, x, z, and j.

ETYMOLOGY.

19. Etymology treats of the different classes of words, or Parts of Speech; of their derivation; and of their various inflections.

20. In Latin, words are divided into nine classes or Parts of Speech; namely, the Substantive or Noun, the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Participle, the Adverb, the Preposition, the Conjunction and the Interjection; the five first of which admit of inflection, or change in their terminations.

21. There are three kinds of inflection, namely, declension, conjugation, and comparison. Substantives, adjectives, pronouns and participles are declined. Verbs are conjugated. Adjectives and adverbs are compared.

THE NOUNS.

22. A Substantive or Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing.

23. Nouns are of two sorts, proper and common.

24. A proper noun is the name of some one person or place; as, Cæsar, Rome: a common noun denotes a class of objects, to any one of which it may be applied; as, vir, a man; avis, a bird.

18. What are the vowels? What the liquids? What the mutes? What the double consonants?-19. What is Etymology?-20. How many Parts of Speech in Latin? What are they? Which admit of inflection ?-21. How many kinds of inflection are there? What called? To what parts of speech do they respectively belong? 22. What is a noun ?-23. How many kinds of nouns ?-24. What is a proper noun ? What a common?