Seven Days a Week: Women and Domestic Service in Industrializing America

61st Congress American average black domestics black servants black women Boston Bureau of Labor Census century Chicago clean cook day workers domestic servants domestic service domestic workers Edward McKinley employed employers employment agencies factory Female Servants girls hired household labor household service household workers Housekeeping housewives housework I. M. Rubinow immigrants Irish Kansas Kellor kitchen Labor Statistics laundry Lillian Pettengill live-in servants live-out living Lucy Maynard Salmon maid Maine Bureau married women Massachusetts Maud Nathan mestic middle-class migration mistress and servant mistress/servant relationship Native-born white Negro nineteenth North Northern number of servants occupations Percentage Philadelphia ployers population reformers role Ruth Schwartz Cowan servant problem Servants and Laundresses social society South Table tion U.S. Senate United urban vants W. E. B. DuBois waitresses washerwomen washing Washington week white women woman women wage earners York City young