W. by Westeras and Gefleborg; area, 2,095 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 91,377. The sea coast extends about 20 m., and has several small indentations and the large bay of Loftså. The principal river is the Dal, on the confines of Gefleborg, and there are numerous lakes. The surface consists of undulating plains; the soil is fertile in the S., and the scenery very beautiful, but in the N. a great deal of it is barren, and the country has a bleak appearance. Iron ore is abundant, and is extensively worked, the metal produced, especially that of Danemora, being of very superior quality. Sufficient grain is raised for the consumption of the population, and considerable quantities of cattle are exported.-UPSAL, the capital, is situated on the Fyrisa or Sala, near its junction with one of the N. creeks of Lake Mælar, 39 m. N. N. W. from Stockholm; pop. 5,000. It stands in an extensive undulating plain about 300 feet above the level of the sea, and the river is crossed by two stone bridges. There is a large square in the centre of the town, and the streets are broad and well laid out. The cathedral, built between 1258 and 1435, is one of the finest Gothic buildings of N. Europe. It is of brick, and contains many interesting monuments, among others those of Gustavus I. and Linnæus. In former times the kings of Sweden were crowned here. The university of Upsal, founded in 1476, has faculties of law, philosophy, theology, and medicine, and is governed by a chancellor, assisted by 31 professors, and attended by nearly 1,500 students. It has a library containing about 100,000 volumes and some rare MSS., a very large collection of interesting objects of natural history, a collection of coins, a chemical laboratory, and an observatory. The society of sciences was established in 1719, and has published several valuable volumes of "Transactions." The palace of Gustavus is in a ruinous condition, but a part of it is occupied by the governor; and the house in which Linnæus lived is still standing. Upsal is the see of an archbishop, the residence of a governor, and the seat of several courts. The Mora stones," at which the Swedes elected their kings between 1140 and 1520, lie about 6 m. S. E. from Upsal. UPSHUR, a Ñ. E. co. of Texas, bounded N. by Big Cypress bayou and S. by Sabine river; area, 950 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 10,645, of whom 3,794 were slaves. The surface is nearly level and well timbered, and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 90,495 bushels of Indian corn, 26,736 lbs. of butter, and 673 bales of cotton. There were 131 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Gilmer. UPSHUR, ABEL PARKER, an American jurist and statesman, born in Northampton co., Va., accidentally killed at Washington, D. C., Feb. 28, 1844. He was graduated at Nassau Hall, Princeton, N. J., in 1807, studied law in the office of William Wirt at Richmond, Va., was admitted to the bar in 1810, and practised his profession in Richmond till 1824, when he removed to his patrimonial residence in Northampton co. In 1826 he was appointed a judge in the general court of Virginia, in 1829 was a member of the convention to revise the constitution of the state, and after the reorganization of the judicial system under the new constitution was again elected a judge in the general court, and continued to fill that position till he was called in 1841 by President Tyler to the post of secretary of the navy. On the resignation of Mr. Webster in 1843 he was transferred to the office of secretary of state, which he filled till his death, caused by the explosion of a monster cannon on board the U. S. steamer Princeton, which he was visiting in company with the president and the other members of the cabinet. Judge Upshur published a number of essays, reviews, addresses, &c., and two more considerable works, viz.: a review of Story on the constitution, and “An, Inquiry into the Nature and Character of our Federal Government." UPSON, a W. co. of Georgia, bounded S. W. by Flint river and intersected by Potato creek; area, 384 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 9,910, of whom 4,888 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil generally fertile. The productions in 1850 were 343,017 bushels of Indian corn, 68,709 of sweet potatoes, and 7,443 bales of cotton. There were 3 cotton factories, 4 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 21 churches, and 650 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Thomaston. URAL, formerly YAIK, a river of Russia, forming the boundary between Europe and Asia. It takes its rise in the district of Troitzk, in the Asiatic portion of the government of Orenburg, in the S. part of the Ural mountains. Its source is about 1,720 feet above the sea, and it flows at first S. past Verkho Uralsk, Magnitnaya, and Kizilsk, bends W. near Orsk, passes Orenburg, and turning S. E. flows past Uralsk, thence S., washing the base of the forts Tchegannoy, Kalmykova, and Saraitchik, and discharges its waters into the Caspian sea by several mouths, near Guriev, about lat. 47° N. Its length is variously estimated at from 1,500 to 1,800 m., and it drains a territory of 83,200 sq. m. Its principal affluents are, on the right, the Kizil, Tanalik, Sakmara, and Bolshoy Tchegan; and on the left, the Suyunduk, Or, Ilek, Ulva, and Grashi. In its upper portion the river is obstructed by rapids, and flows through a mountainous country; lower down, it passes through wide steppes or saline plains, one of which lying between this river and the Volga is called the Uralian steppe. Toward winter the river near its mouth abounds with fish. The navigation of the Ural is of very little importance. The inhabitants upon its banks are mostly Cossacks. A line of forts has been erected along its shores as a defence against the Bashkirs and Kirgheez. URAL MOUNTAINS, the chain of mountains forming the N. E. boundary of Europe, and separating European Russia from Siberia. Of very moderate height and breadth, the chain would appear insignificant but for the contrast it presents to the great regions of plains that spread from its W. flank over central Russia and from its E. side into Siberia. Its course is nearly due N. and S. over an extent, as usually estimated, of 19° or 20°, with a breadth of about 40 miles. On the S. it commences on the right bank of the Ural river at the Kirgheez steppe, in about lat. 51° N.; but high lands may be traced still further S. into the region lying between the lake of Aral and the Caspian sea. On the N. its termination is at the Kara sea, or Karskaya gulf of the Arctic ocean, though its continuation is marked in the rocky hills on the W. side of Nova Zembla. The highest summit of this portion of the range, named Glassovskoy, is about 2,500 feet above the sea. The average elevation of the Ural mountains is probably less than 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and its highest summits do not exceed 6,000 feet. Much of the range blends so gradually into the plains at its sides that it has little of the mountainous character, and is crossed by easy roads, as that by which Ekaterinburg is reached from Russia. The highest summit is said to be Deneshkin Kamen, to the N. of lat. 60°. Other principal summits are Konskakofskoy Kamen, 5,397 ft. high; Tremel or Iremel, 5,075 ft.; Constantinov Kamen, 5,000 ft.; and Taganai, 3,592 ft. It is only in the extreme northern part that the mountains remain covered with snow during the summer. In general, the chain is clothed with forests of the gigantic pinus cembra, above which are often uplifted rugged ledges of rock of most picturesque forms, and frequently overgrown with peonies, roses, and geraniums. The rocks of which these mountains are composed, as described by Sir Roderick Murchison, resemble those of the Appalachian mountains. The lower groups are silurian strata metamor URANIA, one of the nine Muses of Zeus by Mnemosyne. She was re the muse of astronomy, and was usual, E sented with a little staff pointing at se globe. URANIUM, a metal, the protoxide of v supposed to be the metal itself, was in 1789 by Klaproth in the mineral p and was named by him after the planet which was discovered in 1781. The itself was not really separated until MP.. obtained it in 1840 by decomposing its by means of potassium or sodium. Ty duced, it is partly in the form of a ba der, and in part composed of silvery which can be filed and are somewhat The metal dissolves in dilute acids, sett hydrogen gas. In the air it undergo change at common temperatures; but moderately heated it takes fire and br a remarkably white and shining light little heat is evolved, that a piece of paper which the burning metal is placed is nited. The product of its combustion green oxide. Uranium is represented symbol U, and its chemical equivale In its chemical relations it resembles in manganese. It forms several compon oxygen, one of which, the black orde U2Os), forms about 80 per cent. of the pitchblende. The sesquioxide (0) the part both of an acid and a base, and oxide of what are known as the yellow uranium. The compounds of uranicu ployed chiefly in giving yellowish hues and porcelain. The peculiar yellow greenish or opaline reflections seen in B glass is derived from compounds of This uranium glass is remarkable for ex with great distinctness the phenome "epipolic dispersion of light," described a phosed into crystalline rocks, which for the years ago by Prof. Stokes and Sir Dar most part are talcose schists, quartzites, and ster. These compounds are also of gre limestones. To these succeed the upper silu- in porcelain painting, mineral pitchblene rian, devonian, and carboniferous, the strata used to a considerable extent at Joac of which are also more or less altered, though in Bohemia, where it is converted inte still retaining traces of their characteristic fos- of soda for this purpose. It produces a sils. A marked contrast is observed in the ap- color in the enamelling fire, and a fine pearance of these rocks on the European and the furnace in which the porcelain Asiatic slopes. On the former the strata are in- The uranate of potash is of a fine oran deed contorted, fractured, and partially chang- and has been proposed as a paint. ed; while in the centre, as on the eastern accompanying various ores of silver a slopes, the masses consist everywhere either several of the mining districts of of highly altered and crystalline silurian strata, or of the eruptive rocks which penetrate them. แ Hungary, and Saxony. Uranium is number of other minerals in combinat It is in these formations, especially where the lime as a sulphate or carbonate; also wi talcose and chloritic schists are traversed by per and lime; and in the hydrated veinstones of quartz or cut by dikes of igneous of uranium and lime, known as uranite, rocks, that gold is found. In the debris from the oxide forms 62.7 per cent. The line these are situated the gold washings, which platinum to the Russian government. times replaced by oxide of copper. furnish the chief portion of this metal and of mineral, in beautiful green crystal k (See as chalcolite or copper uranite. E EKATERINBURG, GOLD, and PLATINUM.) There mens of these are found near Redruth s are also important mines of iron and copper; and diamonds, emeralds, and various other precious stones are found in the same region. where in Cornwall. URANUS, in Greek mythology, See C URANUS, THE PLANET. See ASTR URBAN, the name of 8 popes, of whom the following are the most important. I. URBAN II. (ODO OF LAGNY), born in Châtillon-sur-Marne, died July 29, 1099. He was archdeacon of Rheims, and afterward provost of Cluny. Gregory VII. made him bishop of Ostia, and sent him in 1084 to the emperor Henry IV. to settle the controversy respecting investitures. He was elected the successor of Victor III. in 1088, at Terracina, as the see of Rome was occupied by the antipope Clement III. Urban was at once recognized by all the Christian princes except Henry IV., who, with all the bishops of Germany but 5, sustained Clement, and the king of England, who for some time remained neutral. The antipope had to flee from Rome in 1089, and a council convoked by Urban excommunicated Clement, the emperor, and their adherents. In 1091 Clement returned, under the protection of an imperial army, and Urban fled for protection to Count Roger of Apulia; but in 1093 he once more took possession of Rome, although one of the forts remained until his death in the hands of the antipope. By his order a council at Autun in 1094 excommunicated Philip I. of France for having repudiated his wife Bertha and married Bertrada. When Conrad, a son of Henry IV., declared himself against his father, Urban recognized him as emperor. At a synod in Piacenza in 1094, he condemned the doctrine of Berengarius on the eucharist. At the council of Clermont (1095) he called on the Christian nations to deliver the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem from the Mussulmans, and thus gave an impulse to the crusades. At the council of Bari in 1098, he made a fruitless attempt to effect a union of the Greek and Latin churches. Urban was one of the most influential popes of the middle ages. He declared the election of a pope independent of the assent of the Roman emperor, vigorously enforced the law of celibacy, and forbade bishops and priests to accept ecclesiastical offices from the hands of laymen. II. URBAN V. (GUILLAUME GRIMOARD), born in the diocese of Mende, died Nov. 13, 1370. He was a member of the Benedictine order, abbot of Auxerre in 1353 and of Marseilles in 1358, and papal legate in Naples and Sicily, and was elected in 1862, at Avignon, successor of Innocent VI. He went in 1367 to Rome, but in 1370 returned to Avignon. In 1369 the Greek emperor John Palæologus himself visited Rome, abjured the peculiar tenets of the Greek church, and acknowledged the supremacy of the pope. In 1370 Urban sent missionaries to the Tartars and an embassy to Georgia, as the churches of Georgia had joined the Greek church. He was the first pope who blessed a golden rose for princes (he presented it to the queen of Naples), and the last who resided in Avignon. He was a patron of scholars, and praised by his contemporaries as entirely free from nepotism. III. URBAN VI. (BARTOLOMMEO DI PRIGNANO), born in Naples, died in Rome in 1389. Before his accession to the papal see he was archbishop of Bari. He was elected successor of Gregory XI. in 1378 by the cardinals assembled at Rome; but the cardinals who were residents of Avignon did not recognize him, and in union with some of the Roman cardinals, who declared his election a compulsory one, elected Count Robert of Geneva pope under the name of Clement VII. Thus began what is known as the great schism in the Roman Catholic church. Clement was recognized by France, Scotland, Spain, Savoy, Lorraine, and Naples, and he resided in Avignon; Urban was recognized by England, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Italy, Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and the German emperor Charles IV. The two popes, with the aid of their allies, carried on war against each other until the death of Urban. When Queen Joanna of Naples, who had supported Urban with an army, abandoned his cause, the pope anointed Charles of Durazzo king of Naples; but soon he fell out with the latter also, and excommunicated him. Urban was besieged by Charles in Nocera, and fled in 1386 to Genoa and Lucca, but in 1388 returned to Rome. He ordered the year of jubilee to be celebrated every 33 years, instead of every 50 as before, and appointed the first for the year 1390. IV. Urban VIII. (MAFFEO BARBERINI), born in Florence in 1568, died in Rome, July 29, 1644. Under the pontificate of Gregory XIV. he was governor of Fano, and under Clement VIII. papal prothonotary; in 1604 he was appointed archbishop of Nazareth (in partibus infidelium) and ambassador to Paris, in 1605 cardinal presbyter, and in 1608 archbishop of Spoleto. He was elected successor of Gregory XV., Aug. 6, 1623. He was a patron of sciences and arts, but left the government mostly to his relations, who favored France, and monopolized the most important offices. Through one of his relatives he was involved in a war with the duke of Parma in 1642, which he was obliged to conclude in 1644 by an unfavorable peace. He bestowed upon the cardinals, the three clerical electors of Germany (the archbishops of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves), and the grand master of the knights of Malta, the title most eminent (eminentissimus), which led to a long controversy with Venice. He condemned the doctrine of Jansenius and the system of Galileo, established the college of the propaganda, issued a revised edition of the Roman breviary, gave to the bull In Cana Domini its present form, and forbade priests the use of snuff in church under pain of excommunication. A volume of his poems procured him membership in the Accademia dei Gelati at Bologna. URBANA, a post village and township, the capital of Champaign co., Ohio, at the crossing of the Columbus and Indianapolis and the Sandusky, Dayton, and Cincinnati railroads, 46 m. W. from Columbus and 98 N. W. from Cincinnati; pop. about 4,500. It is finely situated and well built, and has several manufactories, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, and a large union school. It is the seat of Urbana university, founded in 1850 by the New Jerusalem church, and having in 1861 8 professors and teachers and 21 students in the collegiate department; and of the Urbana collegiate institute, a female seminary under the charge of the United Presbyterian church, having a large and elegant edifice with extensive grounds and 6 teachers. URBINO (anc. Urbinum Hortense), a fortified city of Italy, capital of the province of Urbino e Pesaro, situated on a hill, 20 m. S. W. from Pesaro, and about the same distance from the Adriatic; pop. about 7,000. It is a walled town, and has a fine government house, formerly the ducal palace, containing a collection of sculptures and antiquities; the Palazzo Albani, a cathedral, and several churches and convents. It is the see of an archbishop, and has a university, a theological seminary, and an academy of sciences and literature. It has a large manufactory of pins, and 4 annual fairs. The university was founded in 1671, and in 1860 had 20 professors and 72 students.-Urbino is a city of considerable antiquity. Pliny and Tacitus both mention it, the latter as the place where Fabius Valens was put to death in A. D. 69. Numerous inscriptions still extant prove its importance at that period. In A. D. 538 it was besieged and taken by Belisarius. After that event it continued to be a place of note, and during the middle ages was the seat of a race of independent dukes. Raphael was born here, and his house is still preserved. URBINO E PESARO, a province of the Marches, in the kingdom of Italy, formerly a legation of the Papal States, bounded N. by Forli, N. E. by the Adriatic, S. by Ancona, Macerata, and Perugia, and W. by Perugia and the Tuscan district of Arezzo; area, 1,358 sq. m.; pop. 257,751, about equally divided between the districts of Pesaro and Urbino. The surface is mountainous. The soil, especially in the valleys, is fertile, producing various sorts of grain, flax, hemp, the olive, and the vine. The principal rivers are the Metauro, Cesano, Foglia, and Marecchia. Horned cattle, sheep, swine, bees, and silkworms are extensively reared. The province is formed from the ancient duchy of Urbino, and occupies part of the old territory of Umbria. Capital, Urbino. of the leading Doctrines of Caloric, r UREDO, a genus of entophytous fi sembling heaps of colored dust, and e from the tissues of plants by the bars their epidermis. Their origin was for time a matter of much uncertainty. ject has been lately studied with care lasne, who proved them in many insa. be rudimentary forms of other fungi and fectly developed conditions. The red very often injurious in agriculture, specie known to the farmers as bunt, smut, b &c., when attacking the seeds of the or rust, red rag, red gum, &c., when f the stems and leaves of grain and grasses subject is treated at considerable le Burnett in his "Outlines of Botany 1835); by Prof. Henslow in the "Joc the Royal Agricultural Society" (vel. don, 1841); and by Tulasne in A sciences naturelles (3d series, Paris, 18 treatise by A. C. Corda on "The Brand als," with figures of the species, has bee lated for the "American Journal of Agr and Science," by E. Goodrich Smith, rately published (Albany, N. Y., 18 several species of uredo in America, in with like cryptogamic plants of low de Iment of structure, are identical in stances with those abroad. URFÉ, HONORÉ D', a French anthor, URCHIN FISH. See SEA PORCUPINE. Marseilles in 1567, died in Villefranche URE, ANDREW, a Scottish chemist, born in He was descended from a noble fam Glasgow in 1778, died in London, Jan. 2, 1857. after leaving college entered at the las He was educated at the universities of Glasgow company of 50 men the army of and Edinburgh, and, having taken the degree On his return he found Diane de Chites of M.D., was in 1802 appointed professor of raud, a rich and beautiful heiress of his s dersonian institution at Glasgow. Upon the married to his elder brother Anne chemistry and natural philosophy in the An- to whom he had been attached in Es establishment of the astronomical observa- This couple, after living together tory in Glasgow he was placed in charge of it, were divorced by mutual consent, and and took up his residence in the building. In to retain the property in the family E 1818 appeared his first important work, a sought and obtained the hand of Dire "Systematic Table of Materia Medica," with lady however was so passionately fond lowed in 1818 by a remarkable paper enti- whom she allowed in her sleeping apa a dissertation on the action of medicines, fol- ing, that she kept a large number c tled "New Experimental Researches on some The insupportable smell caused by these mals led him to retire to a small estate near Nice in Piedmont, where he composed L'Astrée. The first part appeared in 1610, the second in 1612, and two more in 1618; and after the death of D'Urfé a conclusion compiled from his manuscripts was added by his secretary Baro. The work was imitated by numerous authors, and from it a great number of subjects for dramas and paintings were taken. Beside this, D'Urfé wrote La Syreine, avec d'autres pièces (1611 and 1618); Epitres morales (1598, 1603, and 1620); and La sylvanire, fable bocagère. URFEY, THOMAS D'. See D'URFEY. URI, a canton of Switzerland, bounded N. by the canton of Schwyz, E. and S. E. by Glarus and Grisons, S. by Ticino, and W. by Valais, Bern, and Unterwalden; area, 418 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 14,761. It is divided into the districts of Uri and Urseren, and Altorf is the capital. The surface is exceedingly mountainous, many of the summits rising to an elevation of 8,000 feet above the sea, and several exceeding 10,000 feet. The best known, though by no means the most elevated summit, is that of St. Gothard, and the highest points are Gallenstock, Sustenhorn, Scheerhorn, Spannorter, Windgelle, Bristenstock, Urirothstock, and Mutthorn. The only practicable outlets from the canton are by the road to Italy, which leads over the pass of St. Gothard, 6,700 feet above the level of the sea, and by the lake of Lucerne. Some of the head streams of both the Rhine and Rhône have their rise in Uri; but the principal river is the Reuss, which rises on the S. side of Mt. St. Gothard, receives the greater part of the drainage of the canton, and flows into the lake of Lucerne after a N. course of 30 m., during which it descends 4,500 feet. The most extensive valley lies upon the banks of this stream. It is narrow and rugged about the head, but becomes wider and level toward its lower extremity. The climate is cold, and strong winds blow from the mountains with great violence. Some grain, rape, hemp. potatoes, and vegetables are cultivated in the lower grounds, and fruit, walnuts, and chestnuts are grown. The inhabitants speak German, are simple in their habits, and almost all Roman Catholics; few foreigners are found among them. The government is a pure democracy, and every male inhabitant over 20 years of age is entitled to vote for the principal officers. URIC ACID. See URINE. URIM AND THUMMIM (“light and truth"), two Hebrew words, the application of which is disputed. According to one opinion, they denote the four rows of brilliant precious stones in the breastplate of the high priest, upon each of which was engraved the name of one of the sons of Jacob. When an appeal was made to God by the high priest in difficult cases, the divine answer was manifested in some way by means of this breastplate, or, in the opinion of some commentators, by an audible voice speaking to the priest arrayed in full pontificals. According to other critics, the Urim and Thum mim were two images personifying revelation and truth placed between the folds of the breastplate. The first time they are mentioned in the Bible, they are referred to as things already familiar to the Israelites: "And thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim." (Exod. xxviii. 30.) It is unknown when this oracular method of consulting God ceased. There is no instance of it in Scripture during the time of the first temple, and it certainly was not practised during that of the second. There is a saying among the Jews that God spoke to his people during the tabernacle by the Urim and Thummim, during the first temple by the prophets, and during the second by the Bath-Kol. URINE, the excrementitious fluid secreted by the kidneys, by means of a structure described in the article KIDNEY, transmitted slowly but continuously by the ureters to the bladder, and there retained until the distention of the organ requires its evacuation. It is secreted from arterial blood, and expelled by the agency of the abdominal muscles assisted by the contraction of the walls of the bladder, the sphincter at its opening being relaxed during the act of micturition. Its quantity varies with the amount of water in the blood, which it regulates, also removing from the body solid matters in proportion to the waste of the tissues and the surplus of azotized material in the system. The importance of this secretion is shown by the injurious effects arising from the retention of its elements in the blood, in uramia, as it has been called. On account of the ease with which this secretion may be collected, both in health and disease, and the facility with which its ingredients may be separated by chemistry, its nature, purposes, and alterations are very well known. Fresh, healthy human urine should be perfectly transparent, amber yellow, with a peculiar but not disagreeable odor, and a bitterish saline taste; it contains a very small amount of pavementepithelium cells and mucus-corpuscles, and has a well marked acid reaction; after a time it grows turbid, with a mucous sediment, unpleasant odor, and alkaline reaction from the formation of carbonate of ammonia and precipitation of the earthy carbonates; if turbid when first passed, it may be considered abnormal. The average amount, according to Prout, passed in 24 hours by a person who drinks no more than the wants of the system require, is about 30 oz. in summer and 40 oz. in winter. It is well known that the urinary and cutaneous secretions are complementary of each other, in regard to the quantity of fluid eliminated, one being increased while the other is diminished; cold, by checking the exhalation from the skin, increases the amount of urine secreted. The average specific gravity, taking the year round, according to the same authority, is about 1.020, and according to Simon 1.012. From the varying amount of azotized food and watery fluids habitually ingested, the proportion of solid. |