tangible about it. It is remarkable that the acts of bodies or communities are not called deeds, which belong to individuals only. In many cases act and deed may be used interchangeably. Yet it is no tautology to say, This is my act and deed. It is my act so far as I myself and no other does it. It is my deed, inasmuch as the thing is completed in form and validity.

“The monarch, blinded with desire of wealth,

With steel invades his brother's life by stealth;

Before the sacred altar made him bleed, And long from her concealed the cruel deed."

ACTION. BATTLE.

Dryden.

See ATTITUDE and

ACTIVE. See Busy and DILI

GENT.

ACTIVITY. See ENERGY and ALERTNESS.

ACTOR. PLAYER. PERFORMER. Of these, PERFORMER is the least specific, inasmuch as the performance may be not of a dramatic character at all, as a performer on a musical instrument. (See ACCOMPLISH.)

"It is usual, I believe, to thank the performers in a new play for the exertion of their several abilities."-Sheridan.

The difference between ACTOR and PLAYER is that the latter is incompatible with high art. So we should say an actor of celebrity, a strolling player. A player is essentially professional, and acts for hire; an actor might exhibit his talent in private theatricals, or for mere love of the art. Hence when persons perform, as it insincere parts on the stage of life, professing what they do not feel, or dissembling for their own ends, we call them actors, not players. In the following the poet purposely uses the lower word

were,

"All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players." Shakespeare.

Not so the following"Like a dull actor, now I have forgot my part,

And I am out even to a full disgrace." Shakespeare.

ACTUAL.

ACTUAL. TRUE, POSITIVE. VERITABLE. REAL. CERTAIN.

Of these, TRUE is the simplest (Saxon treówe), and VERITABLE expresses, in a more learned way (veritas, truth), that which may be ascertained to be true on inquiry or evidence, as opposed to the feigned. Truth is expressed whenever subject and predicate are rightly united in an affirmative or negative proposition.

"Our ideas being nothing but bare appearances or perceptions in our minds, cannot properly and simply in themselves be said to be true or false, no more than a single name of anything can be said to be true or false."- Locke.

The use of veritable is a little strained on purpose in the following

"This emperor was so wise in all things, that among them that were merry he was of great mirth; and in verities he was very veritable."-Golden Book.

More simply in this

"Where the real works of nature or veritable acts of story are to be described, digressions are aberrations." - Brown's Vulgar Errors.

POSITIVE implies that the truth is so ascertained as to exclude all possibility of doubt or question, being a matter of demonstration, as distinct from inference (ponere, positus, to lay down). ACTUAL belongs to that which has passed out of the state of mere probability or possibility. As a term of the scholastic philosophy, it was opposed to potential. It is the conceivable realized. As actual is opposed to possible, probable, or conceivable, true to false, positive to dubious, or illative and veritable to supposititious, SO REAL is opposed to imaginary. It belongs to that which has an existence of its own, and not only such as our fancy might attribute to it. That is CERTAIN of which the necessary cause has happened or will happen. The cause being ascertained, the effect is certain. Hence, unlike the rest, it may be predicated of that which has not yet occurred; as the rising of the sun to-morrow is certain, that is, follows from the knowledge or experience which we possess. Certainty is the subjective form of truth,

D

the recognition of a thing as sure. (See SURE.)

"How insensibly old age steals on, and how often it is actually arrived before we suspect it."-Cowper.

""Tis positive 'gainst all exception."

Shakespeare.

"Our simple ideas are all real. All agree to the reality of things."-Locke.

"I hope before I have done to make it evident that this way of certainty by the knowledge of our own ideas goes a little farther than bare imagination; and I believe it will appear that all the certainty of general truths a man has lies in nothing else."-Locke.

"That something has really existed from eternity is one of the certainest and most evident truths in the world, acknowledged by all men and disputed by none."-Clarke.

ACTUATE, IMPEL. INDUCE.

ACTUATE (Lat. actus, an impulse) refers to such motives as are felt to be sufficient to lead us to a line of conduct. It involves a deliberate choice of action, whatever the nature of such action may be.

"He that studies to represent one of known and eminent merit to be a mere fool and an idiot, gives himself the lie, and betrays that he is either actuated with envy or corrupted by a faction."-Bentley.

To IMPEL (impellere, to drive on) expresses rather the involuntary yielding to a force irresistible or unresisted, as to be impelled by passion or by threats.

"A bloodhound train, by Rapine's lust impelled." Falconer.

It is

INDUCE (inducere, to lead on) expresses a milder constraint, and such as results from reason, judgment, or persuasion, as one may be induced to do so and so by a consideration of all the circumstances of a case. applicable not only to matters of practical preference, but also to mental action, as to be induced to expect, hope, or believe something; while impel and actuate belong only to courses of conduct practically.

"Offer a man a gratuity for doing anything, for seizing, for example, an offender, he is not obliged by your offer to do it. Nor would he say he is, though he may

ACUTE.

be induced, persuaded, prevailed upon, tempted."-Paley.

ACUTE. KEEN. SHREWD. SAGACIOUS.

SHARP. See KEEN.

SHARP and ACUTE are much the same (acutus, acuo, to sharpen). Sharp (Saxon, scearp) expresses the lowest order of human quickness of perception, like the animal's; while acute expresses sharpness of observation and understanding. KEEN (Saxon, cene) belongs more to sensation or quick perception of things, as a keen insight into the nature of a case, or a keen sense of the ridiculous. Sharp, acute, and keen are employed of matters of pure sensation, or in which the idea of mental perception is entirely subordinate, as sharp pain, acute disease, a keen sense of shame; where it will be seen that the two former belong more naturally to physical, the last to moral pain.

"Chrysippus, the acutest of all the Stoics, was at first a racer.”—Bentley. "Their weekly frauds his keen replies detect; He undeceives more fast than they infect." Dryden.

SHREWD is originally the perfect participle of the verb to shrew, and has passed through several meanings before reaching its present. It signified first, disposed to scold, then to find fault, and lastly to be critical or discerning. It still savours of its origin, and the shrewd person is he who is practically clever at analyzing motives, and accounting for conduct by a kind of intuitive power. SAGACIOUS (sagax) is less objective, and has less to do with others and more with oneself. It is a higher quality, involving practical wisdom of conduct, the manifestation of certain faculties of practical understanding inherent in the nature. Sagacity is practical intelligence. It is penetrative and separative, but, unlike shrewdness, goes on from perception and discrimination to action. It detects the hidden, unravels the complicated, tracks the intricate, solves the difficult, elucidates the obscure.

"Some of the observers on board the Centurion shrewdly suspected from the appearance of his armour, that instead of steel it was only composed of a particular kind of glittering paper."-Anson's Voyages.

"A quickness in the mind to find out these intermediate ideas (that shall discover the agreement or disagreement of any other), and to apply them right is, I suppose, that which is called sagacity."- Locke.

ADAGE. See PROVERB.
ADAPT. See FIT.

ADD. ANNEX. APPEND.

To ADD (Lat. addere) is simply to put one thing to another, and is applicable both to number and quantity. The process of addition presupposes a material mass, a numerical sum, or a logical aggregate, as to add to a heap of gold, or to two hundred, or to the comfort and happiness of man

kind.

"All the praises and commendations of the whole world can add no more to the real and intrinsic value of a man than they can add to his stature."-Swift.

To ANNEX (annectere, annexum, to tie or bind together) is not used of number, and implies the inferiority, subordination, or relative smallness of the thing annexed, as a province to an empire, or a condition to a grant. The term wears a legal air.

"With regard to the other adjacent islands which are subject to the crown of Great Britain, some of them are comprised within some neighbouring county, and are therefore to be looked upon as annexed to the mother island, and part of the kingdom of England."-Blackstone.

To APPEND (Lat. appendere) is to join in such a way that the purpose of that to which it is joined may be more fully answered. It implies a posteriority of relationship, and may even be the result of after-thought. The latter case is more distinctly expressed by subjoin; but append admits, as subjoin does not, of a purely physical application. We may append a seal to a watch-chain, or a codicil to a will, or a clause to a document, which shall have a modifying force in amplification or restriction.

"There is a further purpose appended to the primary one.”—J. Taylor.

ADDRESS.

ADDRESS. See DEXTERITY and TACT.

ADDRESS. SPEECH. ORATION. HARANGUE.

Of these, ADDRESS (Lat. ad and dirigere, to direct) derives a specific character from the character of the person or persons to whom it is made. This may be an individual or an assembly. The address may be purely spoken, or read, or written; and recognizes a peculiar capacity in the object of the address. It is a formal statement in reference to some subject or occasion. The address should be appropriate, clear, and tempered to the quality, character, and circumstances of the persons addressed, whose attention it is desired to interest. It must not be wanting in tact, or tedious in length; nor over elaborate on the one hand, nor flippant on the other; respectful, yet truthful and without fulsomeness. It is the generic term under which the others are comprised, so that the term is often used of the mode, as well as the matter of address.

"See, they approach.

This grove shall shroud me till they cease their strain,

Then I'll address them with some feigned tale." Mason.

A SPEECH is essentially unwritten, and is a kind of unwritten dissertation upon some subject to which it owes its unity, without being specifically directed to any person, but only uttered in their hearing, as bearing upon topics of common interest to speaker and hearer. It should be ready, fluent, neat. In the case of speeches in Parliament, the speech sometimes rises to the dignity of an oration; on the other hand, speeches from the hustings are commonly harangues.

An ORATION (oratio) is a formal public speech, laying claim to a lofty and refined character, being necessarily, what speeches are occasionally, the result of premeditation and study, which is only due to its gravity and dignity, for the term is applied, not like speech, to ordinary, but only to extraordinary occasions of rhetorical effort.

"And after the procession, the king himself remaining seated in the quire, the Lord Archbishop, upon the grace of the quire, made a long oration.” — Bacon.

HARANGUES (Fr. harangue, possibly connected with ring) are such speeches as have for their object the raising of the feelings, or the giving vent to them, and so are not subject to the rules of an oration, but admit of any style, however discursive, and are untrammelled by the laws of taste. They are modes of address often resorted to on occasions when orations would be thrown away or unlistened to.

"The author of the Ecclesiastical Polity had in so many books of his own endeavoured to harangue up the nation into fury against tender consciences."- Marvel,

ADDUCE (adducere, to lead to) is simply to bring in what generally bears upon a statement or a case to be established, as an argument, a quotation, or even, abstractedly, a consideration.

"The price had, it seems, before the tax, been a monopoly price, and the argument adduced to show that sugar was an improper subject of taxation demonstrated, perhaps, that it was a proper one."-Adam Smith,

To ALLEGE (Fr. alleguer, Lat. allegare) is to bring forward something which is of the nature of a plea, excuse, or justification, and therefore implies some kind of antecedent charge or burden of proof.

ADEQUATE.

way of cause, origin, or account to another.

"The only adequate and assignable reason of the difference is, that the latter have a source to draw from which was unknown to the former."-Bishop Porteus.

TO ADVANCE (Fr. avancer, avant, ab ante) is voluntarily to put forward something against which we challenge argument, and which we are prepared to defend. In argumentative attack we advance, in defence we allege.

"I have heard of one that having advanced some erroneous doctrines of philosophy, refused to see the experiments by which they were confuted."-Johnson,

ADEQUATE. SUFFICIENT. PETENT. PROPORTIONATE.

MENSURATE.

COмCOM

ADEQUATE (Lat. adæquatus, æquus, equal) means literally made equal to, or brought to the level of another thing. It expresses the equalisation, not of quantities, but of forces, powers, or resources. It is the coming up to some mental or ideal requirement in reference to a practical, intellectual, or moral standard.

"To fear God, that is wisdom, that is, is the proper and adequate wisdom suitable to human nature and to the condition of mankind."-Hale.

SUFFICIENT (Lat. sufficere) bears reference to some pre-existent demand, or some future purpose, or both, which the sufficient is enough to meet or supply.

"Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof."-Bible.

COMPETENT (competere, to be able) is used of mental endowments and attainments, or of personal qualifications or attributes, as a competent person, a competent knowledge. PROPORTIONATE (Fr. proportion, Lat. proportio) is not necessarily personal, and indicates the just relationship of one thing to another in magnitude, quantity, or power. COMMENSURATE (con and mensura, measure) expresses a coincidence or equality in measure or extent of a fixed character, while proportionate might denote a concurrent relationship, according to

circumstances, which may make it variable. Proportionate is equally applicable to physical and moral things, while to use commensurate of equality of length or space would be forced and pedantic. The idea of proportion is not identical with that of commensuration. In the commensurate there are only two terms, in the proportionate there are at least three, perhaps four. A is commensurate with B. But, in proportion, as A is to B, so is C, or as A is to B, so is B to C, or as A is to B, so is C to D. Proportion presupposes a rule of relationship. Commensurateness only asserts, as it were, a geometrical coincidence. The rental of a man's house is commensurate with his income, would mean that all his income went to pay his rent. His rent is in proportion to his income, presupposes a rule that what a man pays in rent ought not to exceed a certain portion of his income. Hence, in commensurateness, there is no idea but that of totality; in proportion there is that of division and distribution also.

"There is, I think, not one of the liberal arts which may not be competently learned in the English language."-Idler.

"O let us be sure then our confidence, our claims to heaven, improve not above their proportion, that we preserve this symmetry of the parts of grace; that our hope be but commensurate to our sincerity, our daringness to our duty."-Hammond.

ADHERE. See CLEAVE.

manifests his attachment in a public way, and the term is commonly employed of those who openly support persons or causes. PARTIZAN indicates more strongly such an attachment to a cause or to opinions as leads to an attachment to those who hold them. It is the feeling of the relationship of disciples in an energetic and exclusive degree, and is commonly taken to involve an excessive or one-sided attachment to a party

or cause.

"Luther and his adherents hold this heresy, that all holy order is nothing."-Sir T. More. "No Indian prince has to his palace

More followers than a thief to the gallows."
Hudibras.

"The monarchic and aristocratical and popular partizans have been jointly laying their axes to the root of all government, and have in their turn proved each other absurd and inconvenient."-Burke.

"We are not the disciples of Voltaire."― Burke.

ADJACENT. See CONTIGUOUS.
ADJECTIVE. See EPITHET.
ADJOINING.

See CONTIGUOUS.

ADJOURN. See PROROGUE.
ADJURE. See IMPLORE.

ADJUST. ARRANGE. ACCOMMODATE. ADAPT.

ADJUST is to set right (Fr. juste, straight, right). Hence the word im

TIZAN. DISCIPLE.

Of these, the simple word FOLLOWER expresses one who follows another in a capacity of common subordination, as in the case of Falstaff and his followers. Afterwards one who follows parties, or principles, as a follower of the creed of Mahomet, a follower of Calvin, a follower of the doctrines of the French Revolution. When the follower is such in consequence of an inherent belief in the truth or right of such doctrines or principles, he becomes a DISCIPLE (discere, to learn), as learning or having learnt to believe in them. An ADHERENT (adhærere, to stick to)

standard, to which matters have to be brought, or some antecedent condition of inherent fitness, to which they have to be reduced. To ADAPT, on the other hand, is to modify or alter, so as to suit some external object or purpose (ad and aptus, fit). ARRANGE (Fr. arranger) is to place in an orderly condition. Arrangement is the exercise of free will, choice, taste, or judgment in establishing the collocation of many objects, physical or ideal, in subserviency to those principles. It is an action involving juxtaposition and separation of many things, and may be for the purpose of practical efficiency and availableness, for scientific