granted by the king to Sir Robert Fraunceys (Genealogist, N.S., vol. xv. p. 28). Sir Robert Fraunceys bore Argent, a chevron between three eagles displayed gules (Willement's Roll, temp. Richard II.); and according to Harl. 1396 this coat was originally quartered by the Charletons of Apley Castle, but was afterwards cancelled (Visitation of Shropshire,' Harl. Soc., pp. 107, 109). It is possible, therefore, that the wife of Thomas Knightley, alias Charleton, was related to Sir Robert, and not Sir Adam Fraunceys. Perhaps some of your readers may be able to throw further light thereon. ALFRED T. EVERITT. High Street, Portsmouth. corre BLACK FAST (9th S. x. 248, 352, 455).-If DOM HUNTER-BLAIR is against me, I am probably wrong. It is ill contending with a Benedictine on a question of ecclesiology, and especially with your learned spondent. I therefore submit with a good grace to his correction, only adding that what knowledge I possess of Catholic usages is partially derived from a foreign country -Malta, to wit-where I lived for many years. I think I am safe in affirming that there, at least, the fast of Christmas Eve is of greater strictness than, say, that of the eve of the Ascension. Of recent years episcopal relaxations of fasts in England have been so usual that the question has become a little complicated. JOHN HOBSON MATTHEWS. Town Hall, Cardiff. The only black fast known to history and chronology is the Jewish Yom Kippur, or Day of Atonement. It falls on 10 Tishri, just after their civil new year's day, corresponding with our September or October. See Leviticus xxiii. 27, where Tishri is called the seventh month of their ecclesiastical year. The primary root of Kippur is to cover or wipe away, and the ceremonial rite involves mutual forgiveness of all offences. LYSART. PIN PICTURES (9th S. x. 308, 375, 493).--The quotations which have been given by MR. FORD and MR. PICKFORD do not quite meet my inquiry how these pictures were made. My pictures, if pricked with pins, would have a "burr" on the under side. The under side is quite smooth, and the holes flush with the rest of the sheet. Some of the perforations are diamond and other shapes, the holes appearing to have been clean cut with some very sharp tool. The "patterns' so unequal that a machine could not have been used for making the perforations. THOS. RATCLIFFE. Worksop. are Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. The New Volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VII., being Vol. XXXI. of the Complete Work. (A. & C. Black and the Times.) VOL. XXXI. of the new edition of 'The Encyclobet covered by the work from Mos to Pre, and pædia Britannica' prolongs the space of the alphashows that two-thirds of the task are practically accomplished. In this volume the prefatory essay, which is by Mr. Frederick Greenwood, deals with The Influence of Commerce on International Development.' This opens very happily with a discussion of the feelings that might have animated a great intellect on the first substitution of barter for acquisition by violence and robbery. To such it must have seemed to herald the approach of a millennium. In the middle of the last century the faith in the peaceful influence of commerce received a great shock. Among the evils attending commerce are mentioned the education of barbarians in war and the supply to them of weapons. Far from sanguine are the conclusions Mr. Greenwood draws as to the results of international development. "The good genii of the nineteenth century have done great things for the material welfare of mankind; but what," he asks, "have they done for the interest in which is to some extent discounted peace?" Mosquitoes' is one of the opening articles, by what has previously been written on malaria. The often-made assertion is repeated that in England these pests are called gnats. No doubt gnats and mosquitoes belong to the same order, but there is a great deal of difference between the two, as we most up to date. These carriages are divided under can testify. 'Motor Vehicles' is one of the articles the heads Light' and 'Heavy,' and are treated respectively by the Hon. C. S. Rolls and Prof. HeleShaw, F. R.S. Under the former head the writer gives some much-needed counsel as to the right of a pedestrian or a horseman to the high road. A great future is declared to be before the motorist, and it is said that a single ride in a good vehicle usually converts the most prejudiced opponent. Numerous Sir Martin W. Conway, president of the Alpine Mountaineering' is by Club. It is lucidly written, and establishes the manner in which the eight chief difficulties that front the Alpine climber are to be faced. The biography of Michael von Munkacsy is accompanied by a reproduction of his Last Day of a Condemned Prisoner.' A short account of Mural Decoration illustrations are afforded. is from the competent pen of Mr. Walter Crane. head on Music-Halls,' and Mr. Fuller Maitland on Lord Balcarres on Museums,' Mr. John HollingsMusic' deserve attention. Mycenean Civilization,' by Mr. D G. Hogarth, Director of the Cretan Exploration Fund, is one of the most scholarly articles in the work. It is enriched with a plan of the citadel of Mycena. For the remains of pottery Schliemann's works are the principal authority. Racial questions are naturally raised, though no very definite conclusions as to Pelasgic and other influences are reached. A stirring history of Natal is followed by an all-important account of 'Navies' by Lord Brassey and Lieut. Bellairs, R.N., and another on Navigation.' Two striking illustrations of scenes of combat are given with the biography of Alphonse Marie de Neuville. Under New Guinea,' the largest island in the world, 66 if Australia be taken as a continent, much information is furnished, though many features have not yet been seriously studied. Passing over various entries under 'New,' we come to Newspapers,' on which no fewer than eight workers have been employed. Among these are Mr. Alfred C. Harmsworth, Mr. Clement K. Shorter, the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, and M. Paul Villars. Messrs. G. F. Barwick and Dorset Eccles are responsible for the introductory portion. That leading articles have lost their importance is said to be only a half-truth." Among successive editors of the Fortnightly Review, the first, G. H. Lewes, is omitted. Numerous details as to contributors to various periodicals are supplied, and the observance of newspaper anonymity now seems superfluous. Some curious particulars concerning Nihilism are given by Sir D. Mackenzie Wallace. From these it appears that the duel with authority is pretty evenly maintained, fifty-eight anarchists having been executed up to 1902, and thirty-nine persons assassinated. Mr. Gosse writes on Norse Literature since 1885.' Few of the authors dealt with, except Ibsen, Björnson, and Lie, are much known in this country. Numismatics' has numerous illustrations. We welcome a good paper on Thomas Occleve, concerning whom little is generally known, but whose writings have merit as well as interest. A reproduction of Mr. Orchardson's 'Voltaire' follows. Ordnance' occupies a good many freely illustrated pages, and may be read as a comment on Mr. Greenwood's prefatory essay. Under Arthur W. E. O'Shaughnessy' Mr. Arthur Waugh hints at information he hesitates to supply. 'Palæobotany' employs three competent writers. It opens out and treats thoroughly a subject the knowledge of which is almost confined to experts. Sir E. Maunde Thompson describes recent advances in 'Palæography.' Parliament' is discussed by the late Sir Archibald Milman and Mr. F. C. Holland. Mr. Thurston is well qualified for dealing with the biography of Parnell. Sir Henry Roscoe gives a warmly appreciative account of Pasteur. Pathology' employs many pens, and may be regarded as the most important of the contents of the volume. It is profusely illustrated in colours. Coventry Patmore is assigned a good deal of importance by Mr. Waugh. Two fairy illustrations are given from Sir Noel Paton, and one design, The Vigil,' from John Pettie. Philology' and 'Phonography' are both to be commended, and the recent advance in Photography' is carefully described. Many of the illustrations to this are of really remarkable beauty. Physiology' is another article of extreme importance which employs many pens. Sir Clements Markham is among those who write on Polar Regions.' Mr. William Burton deals with Pottery and Porcelain,' Sir George Reid with 'Protection,' and Mr. Henry Higgs with the 'Post Office.' A good reproduction is given of Sir E. J. Poynter's 'Idle Tears.' The steady advance which is maintained by this important work is a subject for warm congratulation. The Treasury of Translations. By Wm. E. A. Axon. Selected by Albert Broadbent. (Manchester, Broadbent.) OUR friend Mr. Axon has been for many years in the habit of translating foreign lyrics-sentimental, meditative, general. A selection from them has been published by Mr. Broadbent as one of his "Treasury Series." They are from the German, French, Spanish, Italian, Hindu, Hebrew, Persian, &c., and include some gipsy and folk songs. The execution is excellent, and the volume is to be prized. Pierre D'Urte and the Bask Language. By E. S. Dodgson. (Privately printed.) IN a brochure thus entitled Mr. Dodgson has reprinted an article which he contributed to the American Journal of Philology. It is a critique on the earliest translation of the Old Testament into the Basque tongue, made by D'Urte about 1700. Outside that somewhat recondite language, in which we do not profess to be at home, the author does not appear to be strong in his philology. Fry's Royal Guide to the London Charities. (Chatto & Windus.) THIS useful little guide, virtually unique in its way, the establishment of which by Herbert Fry we recall, has now reached its thirty-ninth annual issue, and is edited by Mr. John Lane. The information is given in the most concise and available form. We wonder if any one has been moved to reckon up the immense amount of money annually collected for the charities named. IN the Fortnightly appears a rather belated, but interesting article by Hon. Lieut. H. G. Parsons, entitled De Wet's Last Success.' With this, although it casts a new light upon some phases of history, we shall not concern ourselves, any more than with political articles which follow. Mr. C. G. Compton writes on Alfred de Vigny, a refined and delicate poet and historian, whose theories are chimerical and fantastic, but who has received during late years less attention than he merits. Mr. Compton's estimate is acceptable, but we do not like some of his epithets, as when, for instance, he speaks of "the bourgeois romanticist Scott," a phrase which has a certain measure of truth, but is not true. Mr. Ernest Newman has an article on Richard Strauss and the Music of the Future.' Mr. Newman's own estimate of Strauss is high. Strauss is, he declares, well assured of artistic immortality, but he is "not a great melodist, taking that word with the meaning it has acquired in the music of the past." He is, however, an epoch-making man, and he is "the first artist in music." We are not quite sure that we understand what is meant, but we quote Mr. Newman's phrases. Mr. Bryden's paper on The Decline and Fall of the South African Elephant' is very sad, showing as it does that the creature will before long be as extinct as the bison. What terribly blind, unimaginative creatures we are! The very steps that are taken to preserve a few herds on the littoral of Cape Colony do not fully commend themselves to the colonials, and no attempt is made to subjugate and domesticate the animal, as is done in India. Mr. William Archer has discovered a new subject in The Rise of Theatrical Subventions.'-In the Nineteenth Century the most interesting literary article is that of Miss Annie Gladstone entitled 'Another View of Jane Austen's Novels.' It consists of an answer to the impertinences-to use the word in its correct sense of the Newcastle journalist who undertook the defence of the Censor in the case of 'Monna Vanna,' and also wrote flippantly against Jane Austen. His lucubrations might with advantage have been passed over in silence. Miss Gladstone has, however, few qualifications for the task she essays. When she says that Shakespeare, so far as · He is eloquent and ironical in commenting on German censure of English doings. A very readable paper is that of Mr. Heneage Legge on 'The Hedge,' a thing rapidly passing out of the ken of Londoners and utterly distasteful to the parochial and vestry mind. Mr. Bryden defends 'Hare Hunting,' which, in truth, stands in need of defence. Eighty Years Ago,' by Mr. George Rooper, is a capital account, by a self-styled nonagenarian, of life as it appeared in the early part of the last century. Mr. Watkins, in the Gentleman's, describes Our Native Serpents,' the subject of much irrational persecution. Ships' Figure-Heads' is an interesting paper by one bearing the once familiar name of William Allingham. Abducted by Albatrosses' is a grim fantasy. How to Test Drinking Water' affords useful information.-In the hands of Messrs. Chatto & Windus, and edited by Mr. Robert Barr, the Idler holds its place, especially as regards fiction. The Greatest Swindle of the Century' is finished. Another no less remarkable subject is treated in Sherlock Holmes Outdone,' which deals with the anthropometric service in Paris. The Coming Electric Express' is well worthy of study.-To the English Illustrated, the appearance of which is later than usual, Mr. S. L. Bensusan sends More Pictures from the Prado. Among the illustrations to this are The Holy Family and the Last Supper' of Juan des Juanes, better known as Vincente Macip. A second Last Supper, by the same artist, is in Valencia. There are also a 'St. Bartholomew' and a strangely modern-looking 'Jacob's Dream' from Jusepe de Ribera (Lo Spagnoletto), and other works from the Madrid Museum. A very interesting description of Japanese life is furnished by Mrs. Campbell Praed, and is illustrated by capital photographs of Nikko, &c. Cardigan and the Valley of the Teifi' depicts by pen and camera many spots of beauty and interest. as we know, had never been out of England, nor have we any reason to think he had travelled much within it; and that Dante's wanderings were confined "to his native Italy," we cannot meet her with an absolute contradiction. There are those, however, who believe that Shakespeare travelled in Germany, and even in Denmark, while Giovanni Serravalle declares, at the beginning of the fifteenth contury, that Dante studied both in Paris and London. "The Search Light: a Play in One Act,' by Mrs. W. K. Clifford, is, like much modern dramatic work, hopelessly gloomy. Lady Guendolen Ramsden decides that society is worse than it was. It is the upper classes who are most severely condemned for rudeness. "It is surprisingly rare," we are told, 'to meet with common civility in a first-class [railway] carriage." We are, it must be borne in mind, compared with our ancestors of a century ago, and not with those of Stuart times. Mr. C. B. Wheeler has a thoughtful article on 'Labels.'-Under the title The Genesis of a Great Career' the Pall Mall opens with an account of the early life of Napoleon. The article is by Viscount Wolseley, and is the first of a series of four. The biographer holds the scales evenly, since, though he regards Napoleon "the greatest human being God ever sent to this earth of ours"-an estimate we entirely and summarily reject that hero is credited, or discredited, with possessing everything which the Bible de scribes as unholy, and which Englishmen regard as mean and despicable. Very numerous portraits illustrate the early section. E. Nesbit has a clever and satirical article on slang, the first, apparently, of a series called 'The Literary Sense.' Judge O'Connor Morris sends a brilliant, but saddening paper on Social Life in Ireland.' From this we cannot quote. It deserves, however, to be studied closely. Mr. Vizetelly has further recollections of Zola. Mr. Mallock brings new finds relating to the Bacon-Shakespeare question, and leaves us in doubt who is the maddest, Bacon, Mr. Mallock, or ourselves. Sir F. C. Burnand writes on Mr. Punch, some Predecessors and Competitors.'-In the Cornhill the best article in all respects is Germs of the Waverley Novels,' by Mr. Alexander Innes Shand. In this it is shown ON all communications must be written the name how far Scott was indebted, in his poems and and address of the sender, not necessarily for pubromances, to his recollections of the Border ballads.lication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Mr. Shand has, indeed, hit upon the secret spring of Scott's marvellous fertility. Madame Bernhardt's 'Moral Influence of the Theatre' is likely to be far more discussed, but is, in fact, of quite secondary importance. That Madame Bernhardt should exalt her own calling is conceivable enough. She has nothing very special to say, however, except that Madame Bernhardt holds that nothing is more untrue than that the theatre is immoral. A more definite pronouncement is wanted. Is the theatre never immoral in the plays of Wycherley; or is it only not immoral in those Madame Bernhardt herself produces? The views she holds on such a subject have only adventitious importance. That Passion plays should be performed Madame Bernhardt holds. That is her opinion; but we see not in what way it is more important than would be that of the late Hugh Price Hughes, if it could be obtained. Lhasa Revealed' has much interest. 'Receiving Moderators' is excellent, and the whole number is remarkable. In Longman's Mr. Lang, At the Sign of the Ship,' deals with 'The Phantom Millions,' the story of which has progressed since he wrote. Fotices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. spondents must observe the following rules. Let IDIOTES ("Many a shaft at random," &c.).-See NOTICE. Editorial communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to The Publisher"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E. C. NEW NOVELS:-The Last Buccaneer; The Unnamed; Roger Drake, Captain of Industry; The Wilderness Voyagers; NEW EDITIONS and REPRINTS. 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