Uches, and other Southern tribes, against the English settlements. The detached and unprotected villages and plantations of the frontier were ravaged, and some four hundred of the inhabitants perished, or were reserved for the worse fate of prisoners to the savages. The main body of the Indian confederates was finally defeated by the colonial forces, under Governor Charles Craven, near the Salkiehachie. The neglect of the proprietors to furnish any means of defence for the colony, their refusal to make remuneration for the heavy expense of the late Indian war, oppressive regulations, opposition to necessary enactments, and the maintenance in office of obnoxious individuals, resulted in a popular out-break against their authority. The assembly, in 1719, chose James Moore as governor, and openly defied the proprietary officers. In the year following, the matter was examined into by the English government; the charter to the proprietors was declared forfeited; and Francis Nicholson received the appointment of governor. The colony continued, thenceforth, a royal province. All the claims of the proprietors to rent and other perquisites were, some years later, acquired by purchase on the part of the crown. Friendly relations with the neighbouring Indian tribes were solemnly established in 1730. The Cherokees, at a great council held at Nequassee, in the Tennessee valley, concluded and signed, by the marks of their principal chiefs, a treaty of alliance with the English. Seven of their number were taken to England, that their reports, on their return, might impress the tribe with some adequate conception of the number and power of their allies. The scattered population of North Carolina, which was first included under the same grant with the southern province, was governed, if government it could be called, by a deputy from the governor of South Carolina. The greatest freedom of opinion and liberty of action prevailed, but affairs went on very quietly until the beginning of the eighteenth century, when an attempt at the establishment of the Church of England aroused an extremely hostile spirit among the Quakers and other dissenters, who constituted no small portion of the inhabitants. A conflict of claims, in 1705, between Glover and Cary, for the executive office-the one being chosen directly by the proprietors, the other by the governor of South Carolina-gave fresh impetus to a party strife theretofore unknown in the colony. For a number of years, the community appears to have existed almost without law; but an immigration of industrious and frugal Swiss, Germans, and other Europeans, continued to extend civilization through the comparatively barren district. The province was already noted for its large exportation of lumber, pitch, tar, and turpentine. In 1729, when, as before mentioned, the disputes between the inhabitants of Carolina and the proprietors were settled by an assumption, or purchase, of the rights of the latter by the crown, North Carolina was first constituted an entirely separate province, the governor being selected by royal appointment, and the legislative assembly being chosen by the people. CHAPTER IV. VIRGINIA UNDER ROYAL GOVERNORS: STATE OF THE COLONY: CHURCH CONTROVERSIES. PENNSYLVANIA A ROYAL PROVINCE: THE PROPRIETOR REINSTATED: POLICY OF PENN. -DELAWARE: DEATH OF PENN: HIS SUCCESSORS. MARYLAND: ITS CATHOLIC POPULATION: GOVERNMENT OF THE ASSOCIATION: OPPRESSIVE ENACTMENTS: THE PROPRIETORS RESTORED. VIRGINIA, subsequent to the English revolution, remained a royal province during her continuance as a colony. Legislation was confided to a governor appointed by the crown, assisted by a council of his own nomination, and to an assembly elected by the people. The first successive incumbents of the highest office in the province were Francis Nicholson and Sir Edmund Andros; the same whose tyranny and exactions had previously exasperated the New England colonies. These officials were invested with high, and even arbitrary powers, but the character of the people with whom they had to deal, compelled moderation in their exercise. The population, although quite numerous, was extensively scattered, and the isolated position of the planters and farmers tended to develop a strong sense of personal freedom and independence. The administration of government was not carried on without considerable conflict between the different departments, but no very serious difficulties arose. The Church of England was the established religious system, so far as any parochial system could be established over so wide an extent of scattered hamlets or detached plantations. Tobacco was the great staple production of the province, and served for the principal circulating medium. Taxes and church dues were specifically payable in tobacco. From a complaint, on the part of the clergy, that they were made losers by a legislative provision for compounding the latter assessment by a payment in paper money, arose that celebrated controversy relative to the "parson's money," in which the eloquence of Patrick Henry, then a young advocate, prevailed against a plain legal claim (1763). Pennsylvania, in consequence of domestic disturbance, fomented by George Keith, a seceding Quaker, and because of suspicions which had fallen upon the proprietor, was subjected, in 1693, to a governor holding commission from the crown, and became, for a short period, a royal province. Benjamin Fletcher, governor of New York, received the appointment. His brief administration was marked only by strife with the assembly. In the summer of the following year, Penn, having regained the favour of the king, was reinstated in his colonial rights. In rëestablishing his prerogatives, with a new settlement of the government of his colony, after restoration of the proprietary government, William Penn took every precaution to secure the full acquiescence of the inhabitants. The powers of the governor-a deputy of the proprietor-were not very dissimilar to those now conferred upon the governor of either of the independent states. The council was simply advisory, and the principal legislation was confided to the popular assembly. The inhabitants of the present state of Delaware, then known as "The Territories," conceiving that they were insufficiently represented, had, some years previous, moved for a separation. This had been accorded by the proprietor, but the two provinces were reunited during Fletcher's administration. A final separation was effected in 1702. The governor of Pennsylvania still retained a nominal authority, but the new assembly had, in effect, entire control over the province of Delaware. Although Penn had ever pursued a far more generous policy than any other of the colonial proprietors, and, with opportunities for enriching himself which few would have had the self-denial to neglect, was growing old in poverty, all could not shield him from suspicion and ill-will on the part of a portion of the colonists "From various causes, principally a neglect of his own interests in extending civilization in America, he became so far involved, that he was for a time compelled to reside within the rules of the Fleet Prison. In 1709 he mortgaged his province of Pennsylvania to relieve himself from the pressure of debt. During the last six years of his life his bodily and mental faculties were greatly impaired; he died, after a gradual decline, on the 30th of July, 1718." His rights as proprietor were exercised, subsequent to his death, by his widow and afterwards by his sons. This form of government was continued until the commencement of the American revolution. The province of Maryland, on the accession of William and Mary, was under the administration of deputies commissioned by the proprietor, Lord Baltimore, (son of the original patentee.) So large a number of the inhabitants were of the Catholic persuasionthe proprietor holding to the same faith—that, although the English church had been already established, it was hardly to be expected that a Protestant succession in England should be looked upon with general favour in the colony. The proprietary government neglected to conform to the new order of things until compelled by a self-constituted association of the colonists. A provisional government was formed, which obtained the royal sanction, and existed until 1692, when a governor was appointed directly by the crown. Maryland became a royal province, and remained such for a period of twenty-three years. The general assembly confirmed the church establishment, and many disenfranchising regulations were passed for the suppression of papacy. Catholics were not only compelled to contribute to the support of the established church, but were subjected to the most galling disabilities. The legal successors of the proprietor were restored to their rights in 1715, and maintained their authority unti! the general overthrow of the old governments at the revolution. INDIAN WARS, ETC. CHAPTER I. COMMENCEMENT OF THE CHEROKEE WAR: TREATY AT FORT OF THE MIDDLE CHEROKEES DESTROYED BY THE FORCES UNDER GRANT. HAVING thus given a brief sketch of the affairs of the separate colonies, up to the occurrence of events which called for their united action, we may revert to matters of more general concern, in which the provinces, irrespective of political connection, were only united by a common necessity. The most important transactions in which the northern colonies were jointly engaged, were the early Indian wars, and the protracted contests with the French and Indians. Of these we have already spoken, as far as our limits would permit, in treating of English colonization, and of the French in America. It remains to notice, in military affairs, the Indian campaigns in the south and west, and to touch upon some topics of general interest to the colonies, before proceeding to the causes of discontent and the political issues which resulted in the war of the revolution. After the abandonment of Fort Duquesne, by the French, a party of Cherokee Indians, who, during the campaign, had served in the English army, under General Forbes, set out upon their return to their own tribes and country. Impelled by necessity, they committed various depredations upon the property of the German settlers in Virginia. In some instances, they made use of horses which they found at large in the woods, and, as they were nearly destitute of |