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THE TRAGEDY OF NEW ENGLAND (12 S. vii. 446, 493).-The authorities for the note hereon are many and varied, but chiefly seventeenth and eighteenth century historians. Amongst others Speed's Views of the American Colonies'; Neale's 'History (not of the Puritans, but) of New England,' and another author whose name is not given in the 'History' (1708-41) which is dedicated to the Attorney-General of Barbadoes. In the preface it is declared

that

"there was no part of this history which had not

been shown to persons who have lived, in those parts of the world, and been approved by them."

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Hughes not only owned Oatlands, where the honeymoon was spent, but also "rented a mansion in Greenwich Park" where he and his wife

"kept open house; but after a while there were
quarrels, which led to a separation, and eventually
a divorce. It is not clear, however, on which side
was the fault."
Hughes served for a short time in the
He was commissioned a cornet in
army
the 7th Light Dragoons, Aug. 28, 1817, and
placed on half-pay Feb. 11, 1819.
ROBERT PIERPOINT.
Army List of 1834.

See

FRIDAY STREET (12 S. vii. 490).-Stow in with the Friday Street in the City of London, his Survey' (1842 edn. at p. 131), dealing 66 says so called of fishmongers dwelling there, and serving Friday's market. haps the other Friday Streets were also fish

markets.

Per

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

According to Hare ('Walks in London," vol. i. p. 185), Stow says that the metropolitan example gets its name from "Fishmongers dwelling there and serving Friday's markets." ST. SWITHIN.

One of those who were largely responsible for the prosecutions for ". witchcraft Cotton Mather, the son of a Lancashire man. His book on the Wonders of the Invisible World, with a further Account of the Trials of the New England Witches,' by Increase Mather over-confirms some of the things charged against the "witch" prosecutors, for where one author affirms that even a dog was hung for "witchcraft, Cotton Mather says two were executed. Nothing was charged against the "Pilgrims for their treatment of the native Indians, but in this matter the Duke de la Rochefoucauld's Travels in the United States' (circa 1794) may be consulted; and the speech of "Red Jacket, an Indian chief at an assembly of tribes at New York before General Knox the Governor; and for the names of the founders of the First Settlements of North America, and the dates thereof Guthrie's Grammar of Geography THE TALBOT INN, ASHBOURNE (12 S. published in 1798. This book names nine-vii. 350, 438, 515). The following additional teen separate colonies founded in North information, also contributed to The AshAmerica between 1608 and 1787. bourne News, has reached me :

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M. N.

See Rufus M. Jones, The Quakers in the American Colonies' (Macmillan, 1911) for the persecution of the Quakers in New England, and also for the exile of Anne Hutchinson and others from the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1637 for their religious opinions. M. H. DODDS.

Home House, Kell's Lane, Low Fell, Gateshead.

MLLE. MERCANDOTTI (12 S. vii. 448, 493). -There is a good deal about Edward Hughes Ball Hughes and Maria Mercandotti, in "The Beaux of the Regency by Lewis Melville, 1908, which is well indexed. Facing p. 159 of vol. ii. is an etching by Richard Dighton (1819) of 'The Golden Ball.'

market? I fancy this is the case with the Does not this name usually denote a fish old Marché de Vendredi, at Antwerpalthough nowadays it attracts because of the presence there of the Folk Lore Museum, with its interesting ancient domestic utensils,

&c.

101 Piccadilly, W.

J. LANDFEAR LUCAS.

"Mr. A. M. Wither, of Parr's Bank, Ashbourne, informs us that the late Mr. W. R. Holland, who was admittedly an authority on local history, on one occasion pointed out to him the premises next Messrs. Allsopp, the Burton brewers, as the old to the Town Hall, and formerly the offices of Talbot Inn, and there is certainly a good deal about the appearance of the building that suggests it may have been a hostelry at one time. So far, it will be seen, there are three opinions expressed as to the position of the Talbot. In his letter last week, Mr. Twells referred to the late Rev. Franeis Jourthe present Town Hall. We quote the following dain's contention that the inu occupied the site of from the rev. gentleman's article on Ashbourne Signs: Ancient and Modern,' which appeared in the Ashbourne Annual' of 1898:-'The Talbot stood in the Market Place, on the site of the of Shrewsbury, who were once intimately conpresent Town Hall. This reminds us of the Earls nected with Ashbourne. In the Grammar School books the following entry occurs: 1614. Itm laid

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downe for a prnt (i. e., present) given to the Earl of Shrewsburie, at Ashburne, for two gallons of claret wine 5s. iiiid. To Gregory Bircumshaw for a cake xviijd. To Thomas Taylor for sugar iis.' Two Talbots or Mastiffs are to this day the supporters of the Shrewsbury arms. The inn itself was evidently a place of note, and the arms in its windows were noted by the Herald when visiting Ashbourne in 1611. It is thus mentioned in Walton & Cotton's Angler,' where Piscator says: We will only call and drink a glass on horseback at the Talbot and away,'-and the travellers order ale, in spite of the warning given later on, that Ashbourne has, which is a kind of riddle, always in it the best malt, and the worst ale in England.' The following notices of this famous house appear in the register: Buried 1639, Edmund Buxton, of the Talbot. Baptized June 15, 1715. Ann, daughter of Mr. Rob. Law, at the Talbot. Received July 24, 1717, to church, Richard, son of Mr. Rob. Law, of the Talbot, which child was baptized by Mr. Dakin above a month ago. Baptized March 8. 1722-2, Gilbert, son of Mr. Jeremiah Groves (Talbot),

Ashburne.'

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DEATH OF QUEEN ANNE (12 S. vii. 508).There seems to have been another "white handkerchief " incident connected with this event. I have seen it related that on that memorable Aug. 1 Bishop Burnet, driving to court, met near Smithfield Mr. John Bradford whom he stopped to speak to, and to whom he promised that should the Queen have passed away he would send a messenger to Mr. Bradford's chapel, who should announce the event by dropping a white handkerchief from the gallery. This was duly done, but Bradford took no notice until in his closing prayer he invoked bless. ings on the head of our rightful Sovereign King George the First! It is matter of history how profoundly the Queen's death at that moment affected the fortunes of Nonconformity.

SURREY.

ANCIENT HISTORY OF ASSAM (12 S. vii. 110).—If J. S. can see, William Robinson's Assam,' Calcutta, 1841, I think he will find something to his purpose in chap. iv. J. W. FAWCETT.

Templetown House, Consett.

ROYAL ARMS IN CHURCHES (12 S. vii. 470, 517). In my communication at the second reference, 1. 11, "It would seem that iu 1614 it was unusual should read it was usual.

The church of Groombridge in Kent, built by John Packer, Clerk of the Privy Seal to Charles I., in fulfilment of a vow, as

Prince of Wales from Spain, has in stone over the entrance porch a representation of the Prince of Wales's feathers and below it an inscription reading "D.O.M.S. ob felicissimum Caroli Principis ex Hispanijs reditum hoc Sacellum d.d. 1625, J. P.

A house in Gold Street, Saffron Walden, Essex, on the east side, has in plaster work the feathers and motto of the Prince of Wales, with the initials P. A., of probably early seventeenth-century date; and in the oriel window of.the great hall of Horham Hall, also in Essex, is a panel of glass dating probably from the early sixteenth century which also bears the motto and feathers. STEPHEN J. BARNS. Frating, Woodside Road, Woodford Wells.

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CENTURY (12 S. vii. 191, 216, 257, 295, 399, 452).-The late Rhoda Broughton, in her last novel, 'A Fool in Her Folly,' when writing about a matter which appears to have taken place soon after the Indian Mutiny had been suppressed, states, in chap. xiii. :—

DOMESTIC HISTORY OF THE NINETEENTH

for recognition; born indeed and with a great "Afternoon tea was still an upstart struggling future, but in many cases to be indulged in privately like dram-drinking, smuggled into

bedrooms during visits, and sometimes shared with confidential servants in housekeeper's rooms."

I presume that she refers to about the year 1860.

I do not think that afternoon-tea came into general use until about 1874; I think it was about this time that the late King Edward, when Prince of Wales, started the fashion of dining at a much later hour than the then recognized time. Afternoon-tea must have been a very rare thing in 1860; friends of mine, who are old enough to remember their daily life at that period, tell me that this date is far too early. I know that when visitors called, in the afternoon,

port, sherry, and sweet biscuits. This was room to in his hostelry, and the mythical the custom, certainly, about 1866, for law was given as an excuse for his haste. I generally took toll of the biscuits during The yarn about the two men watching for transit. Perhaps this was a custom in Dr. Keith's last breath is also ridiculous, what was then called a middle-class family, because they would not be allowed to touch and did not apply to those higher up in a body until the "corpse-viewer had seen life; who were called by the general term it and given permission to remove it. As it of "the Gentry," whatever that may have was Miss Pardoe who came to the divine's meant. HERBERT SOUTHAM. rescue, perhaps she has related the incident in her The City of the Magyar' (London, 1840). L. L. K.

LONDON POST-MARKS (12 S. vii. 290, 355). -Would MR. WILLIAM GILBERT kindly give further particulars of John G. Hendy's Post-marks of the British Isles from 1840 to 1876' ? I have Hendy's work dealing with post-marks down to 1840; but the publishers of it know nothing of the contination, nor can I find any mention of the continuation in the ordinary books of reference. ERNEST S. GLADSTONE.

Woolton Vale, Liverpool.

PICTURE BY SIR LESLIE WARD (12 S. vii. 470).—The picture, about which L. Q. inquires, is not improbably a full-length oilpainting, life size, of the first wife of the late Col. Harry McCalmont who died in 1902. He married in 1885 Amy, daughter of Major General Miller, and she died in 1889. The portrait was an admirable likeness of the poor lady, and one of the gifted If I am correct in artist's happiest efforts. this conjecture, though Sir Leslie may have painted portraits of other ladies, the picture is now at Syston Court near Bristol, the residence of Mrs. Rawlins, a sister of the WILLOUGHBY MAYCOCK.

FOLK-LORE OF the Elder (12 S. vi. 259, 301; vii. 37, 59). According to Mr. Yoshiwara's A Bundle of Magical Cures' in the Kotyo Kenkyó, vol. i., no. 9, p. 563, Tokyo, 1913, some folks in the southern part of the province Hidachi in Japan have the follow-late Col. McCalmont ing formula for curing the toothache:—

"Bake as many beans as the number of years of the patient's age till they are quite black, bury them under a living elder, and ask it, 'Please take your food with deaf ears and rotting teeth until these beans begin to grow.'

Needless it is to say baked beans shall never bud and the toothache will never recur. The Japanese elder is Sambucus racemosa L.. which also grows in Southern Europe.

KUMAGUSU MINAKATA.

Tanabe, Kii, Japan. OXFORD (ORFORD) HOUSE, WALTHAMSTOW (12 S. vii. 469).-This should read Orford House. The owl cameo denotes the crest of the family of Kemp, former residents of the premises, otherwise I believe the property is without history.

WILLIAM R. POWER.

157 Stamford Hill, N.16

MISSING WORDS WANTED (12 S. vii. 232, 296). -"Come not when I am dead." May I say in answer to a supplementary question that this poem has been very beautifully set to music, I forget by whom, but I remember the air well. song with its setting was included in a The volume of Songs from Tennyson published some forty years ago. I should be very glad to know whether this is still obtainable. Unfortunately

I remember neither the editor nor the publisher,
but the musical contributors were the most
famous English composers of the day, such as
Sullivan, Barnby, Macfarren, &c. The book
C. C. B.
was published, I believe, at 218.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED.-
(12 S. vii. 491.)

The lines which M. P. N. sends are by Tennyson. They are to be found, under the title The Silent Voices,' on p. 855 of his Complete Works,' one vol., (Macmillan, 1894), having first appeared in 1892, in The Death of Oenone, and other Poems." Tennyson's own text is less profuse of capitals, black and "starry in the first and eighth lines being undistinguished. EDWARD BENSLY.

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This poem was set to music by Lady Tennyson, arranged for four voices by Sir F. Bridge, and sung at the Laureate's funeral in Westminster Abbey on Oct. 12, 1892. ALICE M. WILLIAMS.

DR. ALEXANDER KEITH (12 S. vii. 406, 478). As Dr. Keith did not understand the language spoken by the natives, it is quite possible that he got hold of the wrong version of the tale. On the other hand it is quite possible he was deliberately deceived. It is doubtful that a special law was enacted Of "When the dumb hour," Palgrave in his to meet our differential treatment to dead 'Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics,' Second aliens. Probably the facts were that the Series, has this note: The poet's last lines, hotel-keeper was anxious to get rid of the dictated on his deathbed. If a friendship of near body as an undesirable object to give house-half a century may allow me to say it, these

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solemn words As sorrowful, yet always rejoic-
ing,' give the true key to Alfred Tennyson's
inmost nature, his life and his poetry."
C. C. B.

(12 S. vii. 511.)

866

2. This is an incorrect quotation from The Stirrup Cup.' as sung by Mr. Santley. Written by H. B. Farnie, composed by L. Arditi. London, Chappel & Co,"

Probably the song was published about 1875-80. It was in its time very popular; witness the fact that it was published in three keys. The two verses are as follows:

:

The last saraband has been danc'd in the hall,
The last prayer breath'd by the maiden ere
sleeping,

The light of the cresset has died from the wall,
Yet still a love-watch with my Lady I'm keeping.
My charger is dangling his bridle and chain,

The moment is nearing dear love! we must sever;
But pour out the wine, that thy lover may drain
A last stirrup-cup to his true maiden ever!
I cannot ride off, I am heavy with fears,

No gay disregard from the flagon I borrow,
I pledge thee in wine, but 'tis mingled with tears,
Twin-type of the Love that is shaded by sorrow;
But courage, mine own one, and if it be willed
That back from the red field thy gallant come
never,

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In death he'll remember, the she who had filled
His last stirrup-cup was his true maiden ever!
Later there appeared The Gift and the Giver,'
sequel to The Stirrup Cup, by the same authors
and publishers, also "sung by Mr. Santley." A
foot-note on p. 1 as to the title The Gift and the
Giver' says, A favorite inscription, in olden
times, on betrothal rings."

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ROBERT PIERPOINT.

Notes on Books.

Shakespeare's Last Years in London, 1586-1592 By Arthur Acheson. (Bernard Quaritch, £1 1s. net.)

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The most interesting of these studies, to our mind, is that of John Florio as Sir John Falstaff's original. This is introduced by an exceedingly apt quotation from an eighteenth century criticism of the dramatic character of Falstaff, the point of which is that those characters in Shakespeare which are seen only in part are "capable of being unfolded and understood in the whole; every part being in fact relative and inferring all the rest." This "wholeness of Shakespeare's characters-it has, of course, often been commented on-is the subject of several good. remarks which conclude with the opinion that these characters may be considered "rather as Historic than as Dramatic beings." Our author proceeds, after quoting the passage, to declare that the reason for this life-likeness lies in the fact that every very distinctive Shakespearean character" when acting or speaking from those parts of the composition which are inferred only and not distinctly shewn "is the portrait of a personage contemporary with Shakespeare whom the dramatist knew and took for his model. Fluellen, thus, is Captain Roger Williams; Falconbridge. Sir John Perrot and Falstaff Florio. The Falstaff-Florio case is set forth most plausibly and against it what we have to urge is chiefly our ignorance of Shakespeare's circumstances, his degree of acquaintance with Florio, and his actual methods of working. That quality in Shakespeare which has preserved him among the greatest and most lively forces in literature down to the present hour has often been described as a capacity for seeing and rendering the universal in the individual along with-even thereby enhancing-individual peculiarities. A portrait on such lines would be immeasurably more troublesome to produce than a work of pure imagination-imagination, that is, informed and inspired by observation and close knowledge of individual men. Would a man of Shakespeare's power adopt a method, to his perception of what goes to make up a man, so nearly impossible? Again, admitting he did, it cannot be proved tnat Florio was the model. Florio, we know, was furious with one, H. S., for having made a satirical use of his initials, J. F. H. S., then, is to be identified with Shakespeare and much hangs on that identification-but proof thereof is not to be had.

A RECONSTRUCTION of Shakespeare's life, even in regard to the periods of which we know most, is a We should, perhaps, follow our author more business which calls for more than ordinary judg-readily if he himself were not so well satisfied as to ment as to the value of such evidence as we the truth of these conjectures and did not so cheerpossess. To make anything of the obscurer years fully forget how slender are the materials with one had need be, to start with, of so cautious a turn which he is working and how honeycombed with of mind as to count the task impossible. A lively, doubts. And we should also have been grateful to hopeful imagination will certainly create delusions, him for so much more care and polish in his own having vast spaces in which to disport itself, with writing as would have enabled a reader to seize his almost no facts and not very many more clear meaning at once. inferences, to serve as checks or guides. The writer of this book, at the very outset, shakes our confidence in his pessimism-the pessimism required by the situation. He suggests Jacquespierre as, possibly, the original form of Shakespeare, and therewith a Gallic origin for bearers of the name.

So hopeful and ingenious a mind must be expected to show itself rather clever and entertaining than over-solicitous as to what the evidence in favour of its surmises will bear and so we find our author. He advances little of which one can say positively This cannot be so; but the reasons for which we

But we would by no means discourage students of Shakespeare from making acquaintance with his book.

A History of Scotland from the Roman Evacuation to the Disruption, 1843. By Charles Sanford Terry. (Cambridge University Press, £l net.)

DR. SANFORD TERRY claims for the history of Scotland that it is "a story of development unsurpassed by the national experience of any modern community." We concede that claim. and we

(Cambridge

Leicestershire. By G. D. Pingriff.
University Press, 4s. 6d. net.)
WE are glad to see another of these excellent

Scotland is wanted. The History we should like to possess would resemble Green's 'Short History of the English People. Green's point of view and his accuracy have both alike been challenged, but the fine proportion, the arresting style, the live-county guides. The information given is sufficient to form a sound foundation for future studies; or, liness of the portraiture and the movement and charm of the work as a whole have not, we think, by itself, to make a good body of knowledge conbeen rivalled, far less surpassed, in any other cerning the physical characteristics, industries, antiquities, and general history of the county. history of a like compass. Leicestershire cannot boast the varied and supreme interest of say, Warwickshire: but it holds plenty to reward the curious inquirer'; and, as to history, the Battle of Bosworth and the names of Wycliffe, Lady Jane Grey, Latimer, and Macaulay, form no poor illustration. We should have thought that rosseteste at least equalled these in importance, and that, if he was to be mentioned at all, (his connection with Leicester not being a conspicuous part of his history) something more to the point than his being "like De Montfort, an opponent of Henry III." might have been brought forward. the photograph of a bronze ticket used on the Some of our correspondents may be interested in Leicester and Swannington Railway, supplied by the Midland Railway Company. Great pains have clearly been taken to collect an unhackneyed series of photographs, and, so far as this immediate object is concerned, with success. So far as providing a good idea of their several subjects goes, many of them are in truth excellent, but a good numberespecially those of the divers landscapes-must be pronounced neither here or there.

Undoubtedly the history of Scotland is more difficult than that of England. Dr. Sanford Terry draws attention to its intimate connection with genealogy. This is equivalent to saying that not only the character of the people and not only the character of individuals require to be grasped and delineated; between these two come the great families and their relations both with one another and the kingdom at large. Periods of French History show this peculiarity: but the stage of France is ampler and the total effect, therefore, less confused and puzzling. In Scottish history influences from difference of race, from family rivalry, from external pressure and from the predominance of individuals produce at several points so intricate a tangle that a certain breadth of treatment becomes necessary in order to make plain to the reader's eye that development on which Dr. Sanford Terry justly insists.

We do not think he has altogether succeeded in this. though we find much in his book to praise. By dint of the most minute workmanship he contrives to present a huge amount of facts within a narrow compass; and by rather alluding to than relating some of the incidents that are known to every schoolboy" he finds room for more recondite matters. But the writing is so serried, and sometimes also so involved and abbreviated as if space had been saved by pruning sentence by sentence that the reader will find some difficulty in getting into the swing of the narrative, and in passing from detail to a survey of the whole. Persons stand out in too shallow relief. and carry little or no atmosphere, while on the other hand, the perception of national progress has to be arrived at mostly by way of laborious inference. Since the book is calculated for the general reader and the student, who already know the picturesque stories in which Scotland is so rich, we have perhaps no right to cavil at the omission of even the slightest description of Bannockburn, though we may wonder why, on the accepted plan, Rizzio's murder, for example, should have been described. But that which was intended to be treated should have been clearly set out, and arranged in some manner more easy for reference. In a subsequent edition some breaking up of paragraphs might be of

service.

None the less if rather too difficult for a work on the scale decided on and with the purpose it is designed to serve, this history of Scotland should be found very useful, and, if somewhat too thick and solid to be called stimulating, will certainly reward the careful reader by possessing him of a fund of well-authenticated and various knowledge. This has been carefully related to the contemporary histories of England and the countries of the Continent by the light of the most recent research. We are glad to mention the thirty-two genealogical tables of the great Scottish fa milies-a novel and very good feature.

Notices to Correspondents.

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MANY thanks to those kind correspondents who have sent us the wishes of the season, which we heartily reciprocate.

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