Elements of Physics, Or, Natural Philosophy

Cover
D. Appleton, 1879 - 873 Seiten
 

Inhalt

velocity table of velocities 102
44
Uniform motion or velocity
45
Variable motion
46
Uniformly accelerated or retarded motion Absolute and relative motion
47
Coexistence of motions
48
resultant
49
Parallelogram of motions or velocities
50
components Parabolic path of projectiles illustrations 105 106 107 110 III 113 116 118
51
measure of force examples 120 122
53
gravitation cohesion chemical 125 126
54
Composition and Resolution of force
56
their measure 59 Accelerated force examples Gravity a uniformly accelerated force
58
PAGE Table of Contents
61
Fall of bodies in vacuo
62
Attwoods machine
63
Laws of falling bodies
65
Measure of gravity
66
illustrations 129 131 132 133 135 136 139 141 145
67
First Law 70 Inertia examples 147
69
149
70
All natural motions retarded trations
73
examples
77
examples the whirling table
78
examples the centrifugal railway
81
Saturnsring experiment 82 Newtons Second Law of Motion
82
action and reactionillus
84
Concussion of elastic bodies Interference of pendulum vibrations and of vibrating magnets
86
The principle of Energy 153 154 156 159 158 161
88
measure of work workpower 174
89
Footpound Kilogrammetre Relations of Energy to Velocity 176
90
179
91
Different Forms of Energy 182
93
Kinetic and Potential condition of all Energy
95
Illustrated by the pendulum
96
Kinetic and potential heatenergy Correlation of Energies or Forces
98
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
101
Conservation of Energy
102
PART II
103
196
104
199
105
Of a pyramid and of a cone
106
Centre of gravity tends downwards
107
Illustrations of this tendency
108
Stability of position and structure
109
Examples of stable and unstable equilibrium
110
Attitudes of animals illustrate this
112
Seasickness
114
Vegetable forms illustrate this subject
115
centre of centrifugal force
116
of oscillation
117
THE SIMPLE MACHINES 119 Analysis of the section 99
119
120
120
Real object of simple machines The lever does not magnify force Perpetual motion impossible
122
its real use examined Lever of first kind illustrations
123
examples
127
the kneejoint the lazy tongs 140 ii Cumulative machines flywheels
140
iii Modification of direction
141
and rotary into straight
142
the eccentric
143
simple Watts Peaucelliers
144
cause
145
pendulum motion 147 Its isochronism the seconds pendulum the metronome 149 Friction Angles of Repose 151 Laws of friction examples antifricti...
147
268
149
271
151
275
153
279
155
281
156
288
158
girders tubular bridges
160
The strength of the arched form illustrated
162
PART III
165
liquid gas Fundamental property of fluids
166
The hydrostatic paradox
167
the hydrostatic bellows the Bramah Press
168
illustrations
170
Liquids press in all directions
173
Horizontal surface of liquids at rest
174
Liquids seek their own level
175
Illustrations of this
176
the spiritlevel
178
the Suez canal
179
centre of buoyancy
191
Nicholsons hydrometer
203
Applications to navigation
216
The screwpropellerits power due to oblique action
228
PNEUMATICS
235
the fireengine divingbell
242
Table of Contents PAGE ART 248 The Law of Charles 413
247
The weight of the atmosphere 414
248
The stethoscope Table of Contents
318
its measure its variation with
319
temperature
321
Velocity of sound in liquids and solids
322
reflection of sound 326 Acoustic transparency of the air 327 Acoustic reversibility Tyndalls experiments 330 Musical note from an echo Concentrati...
324
497
326
498
327
499
328
500
330
503
333
510
336
octaves
342
Numerical relations between the notes of the scale 345 Length of musical airwaves
343
519
344
522
345
524
347
527
349
529
351
532
353
535
355
the chemical harmonicon 359 Chladnis soundfigures
359
Kundts experiments
361
546
363
Musical glasses
366
553
367
PART IV
373
HEAT 377 Analysis of the section
377
Heat the supporter of Animal and Vegetable Life
378
Influence on climate Heat and Temperature
379
The Radiometer
381
Heat a form of Energy
383
Mechanical theory of Heat
384
The Sun the natural source of Heat ART 564 565 566
385
567
386
580
387
The source of Solar Heat
388
Terrestrial or Subterranean Heat Artesian Wells and Thermal Springs
389
99
390
Temperature of deep mines 392 Deep sea temperatures
391
Polar currents in the Atlantic
394
Source of terrestrial heat Change of bulk caused by heat
395
Physical states of matter dependent on heat
396
Illustrations from mercury and camphor
397
Gases and vapours the result of heat
398
Liquefaction and solidification of gases
399
PAGE
400
equalization of temperature Heat and Cold relative terms
402
Conduction of Heat 404 Relative Conductivity of Solids
403
Conductors and Nonconductors
405
clothing
406
Natural coverings of animals
408
liquid buoyancy the conditions of floating
409
Conducting power of the Earth
410
Frozen soil of Siberia
411
Retention of Heat by bodies Action of Heat on Glass
413
Annealing and Tempering of solids
414
the Magdeburg hemispheres
415
Influence of Clothing
416
Principles of the safety lamp
417
Torricellis experiment
418
The sucking or lifting pump
419
the syphon
420
Examples of the syphon principle
422
Radiation Absorption and Reflection of Heat
431
the barometric gradient
432
cyclonic motions of storms
433
Measurement of mountains by the barometer
434
fall of the barometer as we ascend
435
Airpump gauge
436
Use of barometer to find specific gravity
437
Use of barometer in mines
438
Effects of atmospheric pressure
439
Specific heat
440
balloons
441
modern ascents the Paris siegeballoons
443
flame and smoke
445
fireplaces and stoves causes of smoky chimneys
447
Wet bulb thermometer
448
the tradewinds the seabreeze and landbreeze of
449
Formation of Glaciers and Icebergs
450
Expansion of bodies by heat
453
The pneumatic trough and gasometer
454
Increase of bulk in solids
455
laws of liquid diffusion
456
its laws
458
Expansion of liquids
459
osmometer endosmose exosmose
460
dialysisits medical uses
462
experiments operation of osmose
464
Geisslers and Sprengels airpump
468
Boiling point of water
469
Spheroidal state of liquids
470
Analysis of the section Sound is motion
471
influence of form on vibration of a solid
473
wavemotion chainwaves amplitude
475
Superheated steam
476
power of air to trans mit mechanical shocks explosions
477
sensitive flames
479
the vocal Memnon seashells
482
sympathetic sounds
483
Velocity of sound in hydrogen and in air
484
The Cryophorus
491
Condensation of vapours
494
Freezing mixtures 498 The thermometer
497
The different Scales
501
Differential thermometer 505 XV ART 645 648 652 658 660 664 666
504
Pyrometers
505
Table of high and low temperatures
506
Passage of Heat into Light
507
Chemical effects of Heat
509
Influence on germination and incubation
511
Phenomena of combustion
513
Combustion with and without oxygen
515
Spontaneous combustion
517
incandescence
518
Supporters of combustion and combustibles
519
Heat and light of combustion
521
Nature of flame
523
Products of Combustion
525
Fuel
529
Temperature of the bodies of animals
536
Heat borne by man and animals
537
Influence of heat on animals
539
Source of animal heat
540
Warming of dwellings
542
Stoves and firegrates
546
Mechanical equivalent of heat
548
Heat from Collision of bodies
553
Analysis of the section
555
Sources of Light 557 Light from the
556
Light from Combustion
558
Drummond and Bude lights
559
Light from Animals
560
Separation of Light and Heat
562
Calorescence
563
Nonluminous bodies
564
Light proceeds in straight lines
567
Photometry and Photometers
569
Velocity of light
571
Transparent and opaque substances
573
Refraction of light
574
Atmospheric refraction
578
Fata Morgana 582 Decomposition by refraction
580
Action of Lenses
585
Optical Instruments
592
The structure of the
594
Phenomena of Vision
596
599
599
Persistence of Impressions
601
601
602
Complementary colours
604
Rules of Perspective
606
Apparent size of objects
612
The Vanishing point
617
207
620
Chiaroscuro
629
210
634
Principles of the Stereoscope
636
The Telescope 647 The Microscope
642
213
643
214
644
217
649
219
654
Concave and Convex mirrors
655
221
656
223
657
226
659
228
660
Solar Spectrum and Spectrum analysis
663
231
664
Fluorescence
665
233
667
236
671
Constitution of the Sun and Stars
672
Chemical properties of Light
673
Emission and Wave theories
676
compound and bent levers 129 Wheel and axle capstan windlass
677
240
681
Polarization of Light
683
railway gradients 131 Toothedwheels cranes spinningwheel 134 The wedge examples 135 The screw its applications 136 The pulley fixed and mova...
687
Polarization of Heat 925
688
Old and New Theories of Light 927
689
ELECTRICITY
691
Nature of Electricity
692
244
693
Illustrations of its production
694
246
695
Electrical Machines
697
248
699
250
700
The Electroscope 704 The Electrophorus
702
253
703
942
704
Holtzs Induction Machine
706
Velocity of the Electric flash
713
Groves and Bunsens Batteries
722
Decomposition of Water
728
Magnetic Induction
734
Magnetic charts
740
Electromagnetic Engines
746
Magnetoelectric induction
752
The Electric Telegraph
758
Submarine Telegraphs
766
PART V
773
The Earths rotation
787
Instruments of the Astronomical Observatory
793
Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
806
Precession of the Equinoxes
812
The description of the
818
Transit of Venus
824
Constitution of Comets
830
Conductibility of solids 485
835
The ribs and chest
841
Products of the blood
854
The force of the heart
860

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