twenty-six capitals, twenty-six small letters, numerals and punctuation marks, and having procured new point type (also the outcome of his own experiments) and a printing press, and acting as compositor and printer, he arranged and printed a primer of twelve pages which contained the alphabet contractions, numerals, and three of "Esop's Fables." As a test this primer was put in the hands of all the pupils, with the result that in eleven lessons of an hour each, the contents of the primer had been satisfactorily mastered by the entire school. The next step in the completion of the plan was the development of a system of tangible musical notation, which was brought out by Mr. Wait in 1872. It received the approval of the American Association of Instructors of the Blind, and wide recognition throughout the United States. The structure of the system is set forth in "A System of Tangible Musical Notation, and Point Writing and Printing for the Use of the Blind." He is also the author of "Harmonic Notation," and "The Normal Course of Piano Technique," both of which were prepared with especial reference to the instruction of the blind, but which are entirely applicable in the instruction of others. Mr. Wait has been an active member of the American Association of Instructors of the Blind since 1871, and a member of the Board of Trustees of the Society for Providing Religious Literature for the Blind.

WINANS, Edwin Baruch, governor of Michigan, was born at Avon, N. Y., May 16, 1826, the only son of John and Eliza Winans. He removed to Michigan with his parents in 1834, received a common-school education and at the age of twenty entered Albion College, where he remained two years and a half. It was his intention to enter the law department of the Michigan University, but before finishing his preparatory course, the discovery of gold in California induced him to leave college and try his fortune in the gold mines. He was in California eight years and was successful in all his enterprises. In July, 1858, having sold out his business he returned to Hamburg, Livingston Co., Mich., and settled upon a farm where he has continuously resided ever since. In 1860 he was elected to the state legislature and re-elected in 1862. In 1867 he was a member of the constitutional convention, and in 1876 he was elected probate judge of Livingston county. He was elected as a democrat to the forty-eighth congress and served two terms. While in congress he was chairman of one of the pension committees. At the democratic convention of 1890, at Grand Rapids, he was the unanimous choice of the convention and was elected governor by 12,000 plurality. He married, Sept. 3, 1855, Eliza beth Galloway, daughter of George Galloway, one of the earliest pioneers of Livingston county. They have two sons, George Galloway and Edwin Baruch Winans. Gov. Winans and his family are members of the Episcopal church. He possesses excellent business ability and is exact and just in all his dealings. His social and business standing are of

the highest order.

DODD, Amzi, jurist, was born in what is now the township of Montclair, then part of the township of Bloomfield, Essex Co., N. J., March 2, 1823. His father, Joseph S. Dodd, was for more than thirty years a physician of large practice, noted for his thoughtful interest in his patients and the successful methods of his treatment. He was fond of academic studies, a good Latin scholar and mathema tician. The mother of Amzi was Maria, the daugh

ter of Rev. Stephen Grover, for fifty years pastor of the Presbyterian church in Caldwell, N. J. Joseph S. Dodd was the son of Gen. John Dodd, who was a lineal descendant of Daniel Dod, who was born in England, and died in Newark, N. J., in 1665. Amzi, the second son of Joseph S., had his early schooling in the Bloomfield Academy, entered Princeton College sophomore class, half advanced, in the spring of 1839, and was graduated with the highest honor, pronouncing the Latin salutatory at commencement, in September, 1841. The subject of this sketch was engaged in teaching for four years after graduation, at the same time pursuing the study of law and its related subjects. While not engaged as a teacher he was part of the time in the law office of Miller & Whelpley in Morristown, N. J. He was licensed as an attorney in January, 1848; soon after was connected in legal practice with Mr. Frelinghuysen, later secretary of state, at that time a leading lawyer of large business of an office kind and in the courts. In the spring of 1850 he was chosen clerk of the common council of Newark, and, opening a law office, began practice alone. He soon acquired reputation and business, and in 1853 gave up the clerkship of the council. Early connection with important corporate and fiduciary affairs led him largely into legal departments calling for judicial rather than forensic powers. He took part in litigated cases in court, but was less inclined to jury trials than to arguments to the court, where his intellect and temperament found a more congenial field. He delivered occasional public addresses before lyceums; pronounced, in 1851, the oration in Newark at a general city civic celebration of the Fourth of July; later a literary address at a commencement at Princeton, and a discourse before the Essex County Bible Society, of which he was then president. He was also a speaker in political assemblies, chiefly during the heated canvasses of 1856 and 1860. He was one of the early promoters of the republican party, presid ing and speaking at the first mass-meeting in Newark in the early summer of 1856, when George William Curtis, Henry J. Raymond, and the venerable ExChief Justice Hornblower were speakers. The breaking up of the old whig party that summer into the American and republican parties made the election of a democratic congressman assured. Mr. Dodd, however, the more willingly consented to go on the republican ticket for congress, and received an enthusiastic support. He gave up his time to the discussion of the exciting questions of the hour in the school-houses and elsewhere throughout his district, identifying himself with the strongest opposition to the extension of slavery in the territories. Mr. Dodd was married, in 1852, to Jane, eldest daughter of William Frame, and resided in Newark until the summer of 1860, when he removed to Bloomfield, where he has since lived. He served one term from that district in the assembly of the state legislature in the session of 1863, declining to serve a second term. In the same year he was appointed mathematician of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company to succeed Joseph P. Bradley, now justice of the U. S. supreme court, who resigned. In 1871 the office of vice-chancellor was created by the New Jersey legislature to meet the increasing equity business, and Mr. Dodd was nominated by Chancellor Zabriskie and appointed by Gov. Randolph to the new office. In the next year he was nominated by Gov. Parker and appoint

ed by the senate one of the special judges of the court of errors and appeals. In 1878 he was again nominated by Gov. McClellan and reappointed for the same place, holding it until the spring of 1882, when he resigned. In May, 1875, he resigned the vice-chancellorship. In the same year he was appointed a member of the riparian commission by the nomination of Gov. Bedle, and held that position until April, 1887. In 1876 he was appointed by the supreme court one of the managers of the New Jersey Soldiers' Home, and has been engaged in that service, a gratuitous one, ever since. In April, 1881, he again took the office of vice-chancellor, at the request of Chancellor Runyon, resigning it early in 1882 to become the president of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, a position he now holds (1892). It is a noticeable circumstance that though of pronounced republican political views the public offices he has held have been by appointments of democratic administrations, and, it is to be added, unsolicited on his part. His written opinions as vicechancellor and as a judge of the court of last resort, are contained in the equity reports from the seventh C. E. Green to the seventh Stewart inclusive, with the exception of a few on the law side of the court of errors and appeals, contained in Vroom's reports for the same period.

BOK, William John, publisher, was born in the marine town of Den Helder, near Amsterdam, Nethererlands, May 11, 1861. He was christened Willem Joannes Bruno Eduard, according to the Netherlandish custom to distinguish the people in the higher classes from those of the lower classes, the former being accustomed to give their children three or four names as the royalty do. His father, William J. H. Bok, occupied diplomatic positions at the royal court of the Netherlands and was one of the richest men in Holland. He was at various times consul-general for the Netherlands to England and Russia and was a lawyer of distinction in his native land; his grandfather was a supreme court justice, and his greatgrandfather was an admiral in the Dutch navy. In 1870 young Bok came to America with his parents. They settled in Brooklyn, N. Y., where he was graduated from one of the grammar schools and has since made his home in that city. While traveling through Europe from his seventh to his ninth year, he acquired a passion for collecting autograph letters of renowned people and historical documents. His father's official position gave him opportunity to foster this taste. The senior Bok died in 1881, and Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, who was his personal friend, assisted his two sons to establish what is now known as the Bok Literary Syndicate Press of New York, which has for its object the furnishing of attractive literary features by famous writers to prominent newspapers of this country, Canada and England. Though yet in its infancy it has already conducted more distinct successes than any other press bureau. Among the popular features it has originated and managed may be mentioned: Henry Ward Beecher's renowned newspaper letters, Robert J. Burdette's weekly humorous budget, Marion Harland's notable social essays, Bok's weekly famous woman's service and a number of notable features familiar to the readers of the daily and weekly press. Prior to becoming engaged in this enterprise, Mr. Bok was secretary of the Brooklyn Magazine Co., of which his brother, Edward W., was editor-in-chief and part proprietor. In the spring of 1887 he was associated with his brother in compiling the "Beecher Memorial."

Willian & Pok

which was published for the family three months after Mr. Beecher died. Nearly 150 noted writers contributed to this volume. His collection of autographs numbers over 15,000 valuable letters and documents, many of priceless value. Almost every king or queen, empress or emperor, ancient or modern, distinguished statesman, clergyman, soldier and journalist on both continents is represented. It is probably the most valuable collection of the kind in America, if not in the world.

CAYVAN, Georgia Eva, actress, was born in Bath, Me., in 1860. Her father died when she was quite young and it early became incumbent upon her to aid in the support of her mother and sisters. She attended school until she was eighteen, but began to give readings and recitations in public with success when she was fourteen. She made her first appearance on the stage as Hebe in one of the earliest American productions of the opera of "Pinafore," by the Boston Ideals, but she did not at that time think seriously of becoming an actress. During the summer months at this period, she studied elocution under the tutelage of Louis B. Monroe, at Dublin, N. H., and it was there she made the acquaintance of Steele Mackaye, who was greatly impressed by the promise which she gave of a brilliant future and warmly urged her to go upon the stage. When Mr. Mackaye became manager of the Madison Square theatre, in New York city, he offered Miss Cayvan an engagement in the admirable stock company which he was assembling. This offer she at first declined, but later, at Mr. Mackaye's earnest solicitation, reconsidered her decision and made her first appearance, as a professional actress, June 7, 1880, assuming the rôle of Dolly in "Hazel Kirke." The reception she received was most cordial and enthusiastic. Some months later she was advanced to the title rôle in "Hazel Kirke," portraying it with naturalness, simplicity and pathos. She next created the part of Daisy Brown, in William Gillette's comedy of "The Professor," and she was then selected by George Riddle to sustain the principal female role in his ambitious production in Boston of the Greek play, "Edipus Tyrannus.' This latter performance provoked wide comment, and Miss Cayvan's excellent acting therein brought her into prominence in her profession. Following this she created, in succession, the parts of Liza in the "White Slave," Sarah in "Siberia," Hattie in "Old Shipmates," and Lena in "Romany Rye." For a time she was leading lady at the California_theatre in San Francisco, under the management of John H. Haverly. Returning to New York city, she appeared in a few months at the Union Square theatre and then re-engaged at the Madison Square, where she was the principal attraction in the " Alpine Roses" of H. H. Boyesen and the "May Blossom" of David Belasco. Miss Cayvan has won her way and gained her position on the stage by good, honest, hard work. She contributed to a Brooklyn magazine an article on "Woman and the Stage," in which she gives much good advice to the stage-struck girl. She says: "The gilt will be worn off the gingerbread by its repetition night after night, by continued rehearsals, and by the incessant study necessary to improve upon the original." During the early part of 1887 she was a member of the traveling company of Dion Boucicault, but later in the year accepted an

offer from Daniel Frohman to become leading lady in the stock company of the Lyceum theatre in New York city, of which organization she has ever since remained a member. Miss Cayvan's career since 1887 has been identical with that of the Lyce um. She has created the principal parts in the plays produced at the Lyceum during that period, and has added constantly to her reputation and popular ity. Her splendid work in The Wife," written by Belasco and De Mille, had very much to do with making that play one of the most notable successes of recent years. As an actress, Miss Cayvan never sacrifices consistency and the demands of a carefully rounded portrayal for momentary effect. She is simple and natural, and always graceful and refined, without loss of strength.

COLGATE, James Boorman, banker, son of William Colgate, was born on John street, New York city, March 4, 1818. His grandfather, Rob ert, on account of his liberal political views, was forced to come to America in 1795. James Boorman inherited his father's business ability, and also his personality in the business as well as in the relig ious world. Ho was reared in the counting-room of Boorman, Johnston & Co., and, after being nine years in the wholesale dry-goods business he associated himself with John B. Trevor in the banking busi. ness, under the firm name of Trevor & Colgate, until 1873, when the firm became J. B. Colgate & Co. In the time of the country's peril, when financial distress threatened to overwhelm the republic, and but few men had faith in the ability of the nation to meet its obligations, Mr. Colgate, both by his sound advice on questions of financial import and by substantial loans to the government, strengthened the credit of the country, and by his petriotism aided to establish the finances of the Federal Union in the money markets of the world. During the suspension of specie payment, his firm controlled the larg est specie and bullion business in the country. He was among the first to found the New York Gold Exchange, which served to regulate the ratio of val

Library at Clgate rollege

ue, and prevent the locking up of specie to the detriment of the national financial life. He served as president of the exchange, which position he held for several years. During all the changes and panics of Wall street, for the past forty years, his firm has never faltered or failed in meeting its obligations

promptly and fully. Mr. Colgate is a pronounced silver man," and was at one time almost the only advocate of free coinage on Wall street, and now (1892) confidently predicts its remonetization and assumption of its normal place as a unit of value in the currency of the world, as it has been for the past thirty-five centuries. It is especially as a philanthropist that Mr. Colgate will be known to posterity by reason of his princely gifts to the various religious and educational institutions of this country. The Baptist denomination has been benefited by his munificence, as attested by the beautiful church edifices and magnificent libraries and colleges built and endowed by his individual gifts. Colgate Uni versity (late Madison) stands above all his other benefactions, and will ever remain his greatest and most lasting monument As trustee and president of its board of management, for over thirty years it has received his fostering care and material business counsel, not a single year having passed without some substantial gift that has lifted it to its present place among the foremost universities of America.

Waller J. Logan

LOGAN, Walter Seth, lawyer, was born at Washington, Conn., Apr. 15, 1847. His ancestors on the paternal side came from Scotland and were among the earliest settlers of Litchfield county, Conn. His father, Seth S. Logan, was for several terms state senator of Connecticut, and served one term as state comptroller of Connecticut. His mother was Serena Hollister, whose progenitors came to New England in the Mayflower. Walter S. Logan received his earliest education at the Connecticut Literary Institution at Suffield, and entered Yale College in 1866, and was graduated with the degree of B. A. in 1870. He studied law, first at the Harvard Law School and afterward at the Law School of Columbia, receiving from both institutions the degree of LL.B. Mr. Logan is perhaps the only man who holds diplomas from these three institutions, earned by residence and study. After graduating from the Columbia Law School, he entered the office of Scudder & Carter, where he remained two years. He then joined the office of Charles O'Connor, and was associated with that gentleman in the trial of Bowen vs. Case, commonly known as the Curnel case. 1873 he entered into partnership with Alfred E. Chapin, subsequently mayor of Brooklyn. Later he became a partner of Horace E. Deming. Mr. Logan's practice has been of a general nature, although much of his attention has been given to patent law. The leading cases in which he has been counsel are the case of Tilton vs. Henry Ward Beecher; Wright vs. Sexton, a leading case on the delivery of deeds, and the Albert H. Smith forgery cases. He was also counsel in Drummond vs. Van Ingen, an English case, which was finally decided by the house of lords, and which settled the law of the manufactur er and distributor of goods. All the evidence in this case was taken in the United States. He visited the West in connection with the litigation over the Vulture mines in Arizona and was retained as counsel in the water litigation in the Salt River Valley of Arizona. Mr. Logan has made a study of Spanish civilization in America, and has delivered several lectures on the subject. He also made many public addresses on the subject of tariff reform. He was one of the founders of the Reform Club. He married, Apr. 13, 1875, Eliza Preston Kenyon, whose ancestors were early settlers of Rhode Island.

In

JOHNSON, Andrew, the seventeenth president of the United States, was born in Raleigh, N. C., Dec. 29, 1808. His parents were poor but respect able, and when he was only five years of age he had the misfortune to lose his father while the latter was attempting to save another from drowning. When the boy was only ten years of age, his mother was obliged to apprentice him to a tailor, on account of her extreme necessity. He learned to read while he was learning his trade, but it is a fact that he offers the exception of an American boy who never went to school a single day in his life. He completed his apprenticeship in 1824, and then went to Laurens

Court House, South Carolina, where he worked as a journeyman tailor until May, 1826, when he removed to Greenville, Tenn. At this time Mr. Johnson had the good fortune to obtain for a wife Eliza McCardle, a woman whose capacity and whose devotion to him exercised a marked influence on his future life. Under her tuition, he progressed rapidly in the attainment of useful knowledge, and soon among his townspeople he began to be recognized, through his self-reliance and persistent energy, as a born leader. He identified himself with the laboring classes, a fact which they recognized by giving him their votes Annen Johnson. when he was a candidate for alder man in 1828, insuring his election to that position, which he held until 1830, when he was elected mayor. In 1834 he interested himself in the adoption of a new constitution for the state of Tennessee, guaranteeing important rights to the people, and this action resulted in fairly starting him in public life. In politics he was a democrat of the Jackson school, and as such he was elected in 1835 and again in 1839 to the legislature of the state. In 1840 he was one of the presidential electors on the Van Buren ticket and stumped the state for his candidate, proving himself very effective as a speaker. In 1841 he was elected to the state senate, where he became a useful and act ive member as he had previously been in the house,

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His services and abilities were by this time fully appreciated, and in 1843 he was elected to congress from his district. There he remained, constantly reelected until 1853, when he was chosen governor of Tennessee, being re-elected to that position two years later. In 1857 Mr. Johnson was elected to the United States senate, where he remained until 1862, when he was appointed the military governor of Tennessee. Andrew Johnson was recognized by this time as а representative of the people.' He never permitted any sneers at his calling, nor any attempted disparagement of the laboring classes to pass unrebuked. Once, when Jefferson Davis superciliously asked him, "What do you mean by the laboring classes?" Johnson replied "Those who earn their bread by the sweat of their face and not by fatiguing their ingenuity." While in congress, having been born and reared in a slave state he accepted slavery where it existed, but was no advocate of its extension. He denounced the John Brown raid in December, 1859, but he readily acquiesced in the election in 1860 of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency. He bitterly opposed and denied the right of any state to withdraw from the Union. For himself he was one of the strongest of Union men and on July 26, 1861, introduced a resolution into the senate, which was passed, to the effect that the war had been forced upon the country by the disunionists of the southern states, that it was not prosecuted on the part of the Union in any spirit of oppression, but to defend and maintain the supremacy of the constitution and laws, and to preserve the Union with all its dignity and equality and the rights of the southern states unimpaired, and that as soon as those objects were accomplished, the war cught to cease. Johnson's course in congress had brought down upon him the wrath of leading secessionists, and he was burned in effigy at Memphis, threatened with lynching on his return to Tennessee, a price being set upon his head and personal violence threatened if he remained within the state. His home was assaulted, his slaves confiscated, his sick wife and her child driven into the street and his house turned into a hospital barracks by the Confederates. This was in 1861. In the early part of 1862 Gen. Grant entered Tennessee and the secessionists left it. President Lincoln appointed Mr. Johnson military governor of the state, with the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. His course as military