A HEBREW GRAMMAR.

.wiited. PART. PASS פקוד or. פקד

9. In Hebrew, active participles fignify either as those of the prefent, or the future in rus, in Latin; paffive participles, as thofe of the preter, or future in dus.*

10. 1 prefixed to a verb often converts the preter into the prefent, or future, and the future into the prefent, or preter; as, , and I will rebuke; 77, and he spake.t

11. The particle is, then, coming before the futurę, sometimes converts it into the preter; as, 737, then he fpake.

12. In Hithpael, when the first radical is 1, D, Y, or, the characteristic is tranfpofed with it; as,

tranfpofed with is changed into, and with ", into

And the characteriftic n being .שכר from השתכר

צדק from הצטרק ; זמן from הזדמן as : ט

13. The prefixes,,,, and 2, joined to the infinitive mode, form gerunds; as, p, in vifiting; pp, to vifit.§

14. When the third perfon feminine preter of any conjugation is followed by a pronoun fuffix, its is changed into ; as, n, fhe loved him. 1 Sam. XVIII. 28.

15. The fecond perfon mafculine plural of the preter of Kal fometimes drops its before a fuffix; as, ny, ye have fafted to me, for pn. Zech.

.צמתמני

.העליתמנו ye have brought us up, for העליתנו .5 .VII

Numb. XX. 5.

16. In the fartheft column to the left hand of the preceding example of regular verbs are added the paragogic letters, i. e. letters which are fometimes fuffixed to the refpective perfons of all the conjuga

*In Kal, there is a paffive as well as active participle.

+ Sometimes the is not joined to the word it affects; but to another.

Sometimes, the characteristic of Hithpael, is omitted. ,, and often exclude 7, the characteristic of the infinitive of Niphal and Hiphil.

tions, against which they stand. They are added for emphasis, or euphony. They are fuffixed to irregular as well as regular verbs.

SECTION IX.

OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

1. Thofe verbs, which in their formation are not strictly reducible to the foregoing example of p, are called irregular, or defective.

2. The feveral kinds of irregular verbs are these, viz. Pe Aleph, 2

Pe Yod,*

}

or a verb the firft radical of which is

.א

{

Oin Vau, or a verb the middle radical of which is 1. Lamed He, or a verb ending with

J.

Pe Nun, or a verb the laft radical of which is Oin doubled, or a verb the two laft letters of which are the fame.

Lamed Nun,
Lamed Tau,+S

or a verb the last radical of which is

3. The radical

PE ALEPH.

of verbs Pe Aleph is generally omitted in the first person fingular of the future,‡ left two Alephs fhould occur; as, 38, for NN. In other refpects verbs Pe Aleph are regular.

PE YOD.

4. Verbs Pe Yod caft away in the imperative of Kal; as, , for ; alfo is omitted in the inis added; as, лD. See the

finitive of Kal, and following example :

* From the old example by, thofe verbs, which drop their first letter, have been called defective in Pe, ; thofe, which drop their fecond, defective in Oin, ; and those, which drop their third, defective in Lamed,

† Moft irregular verbs are fometimes regularly formed. Or, rather, the two Alephs coalefce in one.

5. When any of these fervile letters, N,,, D, J, n, are prefixed to a verb Pe Yod, in its declenfion, the radicalis ufually either omitted, or changed into 1. Except,,, and p; which, in Hiphil, require instead of ; as,

n, for 3101.

6. These four verbs, "", "", "", and, in Hithpael, change into, as, D. Other verbs Perod are regular in Hithpael. N. B. Whenever Hithpael is not inferted in the examples of irregular verbs, it is regularly declined, as in "p; unlefs in fuch inftances as will be noticed.

7. The verb has in the future of Kal; thus, , I shall be able.

8. np, to take, or be taken, is formed in Kallike . 9. The formative in Hiphil is fometimes omitted;

.37 .Jerem. XXXII .הושבתי for השבתי,as

OIN VAU.

10. The root of verbs Oin Vau is the infinitive; as, DP, to arife. In the third perfon mafculine fingular of the preter of Kal, which is the root of all other verbs, the disappears.

11. Verbs Lamed He, and a few others, when their middle radical is, are regular, with regard to that letter.

12. These four verbs, 118, 1, 1, and 3, have

.טוב טובה,טובת,in the preter of Kal; as ו

הוביש,ter of Hiphil

13.

fometimes imitates verbs Pe Yod; as, pre

14. The third radical of verbs Oin Vau is frequently repeated; as, P.

15. Verbs Oin Vau fometimes omit their in the

.שוב from ; ישוב for ישב,future of Kal; as

16. Hiphil fometimes fuffers an aphærefis of the characteristic, in the imperative; as, p, fecond per. fing. mafc. for p. Verbs having their middle radical fometimes, in' like manner, drop in Hiphil.