secured-and dejection filled the hearts of the royalists. On the morning of the 21st it transpired that Napoleon had arrived alone the night before at the Elysée. The secret could no longer be kept. A great and decisive field had been

fought, and the French army was no more."

On the 22nd June Napoleon renounced for the second time all right to the empire, in favour of his son. The Legislative chambers name a Committee, presided over by Fouché. The Emperor proposed to take the command of the army as general, and to serve as a simple citizen; but this was refused. He left Paris for Rochefort on the 29th of June; on the 6th July the allies enter Paris, and on the 8th Louis XVIII. returned.

Napoleon embarked on the 13th July, at Rochefort, but the English cruisers watched all his movements; he did not try to escape, but went on board the Bellerophon, commanded by Captain Maitland, after having written in the following terms to the Prince Regent of England:

66

"Rochefort, July 13th, 1815.

Royal Highness, "A victim to the factions which divide my country, and to the hostility of the greatest Powers of Europe, I have terminated my political career, and come, like Themistocles, to seat myself on the hearth of the British people. I put myself under the protection of their laws, which I claim from your Royal Highness as the most powerful, the most constant, and the most generous of my enemies. "NAPOLEON."

Napoleon was, however, consigned to the island of St. Helena; he in vain protested against this treatment, saying he believed the climate of the island and the confinement would kill him. He embarked upon the Northumberland (Admiral Cockburn), taking with him General Bertrand, his

wife, and three children; Generals Gourgaud, Montholon and wife, Las Casas and son, and twelve domestics. Napoleon died at St. Helena on the 15th May, 1821; he was buried in the valley called "Stanés," near to Longwood. His remains were transferred to France and interred at the Invalides 10th December, 1840.

LOUIS XVIII.

1815-1824.

On the 3rd July a capitulation was signed at St. Cloud by Davoust, Prince of Echmuhl, minister of war, and by Wellington and Blücher, by which it was decided that the French army should retire to the other side of the Loire ; that public and individual property should be respected, and that persons then present in Paris should not be molested on account of their opinions or conduct. Fouché, who, minister of police under Napoleon, had desired and aided the return of the Bourbons, obtained his old post, as also an entry to the counsels of the king. Two lists of proscriptions were then drawn up, one for nineteen officers cited to appear before a council of war, and the other against thirty-five persons, who were to wait, under the surveillance of the police, until the chambers should decide their fate. Carnot was among this number, and Fouché, his colleague during the Hundred Days, signed these papers.

It was then that Decage, prefect of police, tore up the order of the day of the Prussian general, Muffling, who had ordered the sentinels to fire upon any one who braved them.

The army of the Loire was disbanded by the advice of Macdonald, and retired quietly home. Gouvion de St. Cyr, minister of war, then organised the Royal Guard.

The allies thought to divide the French territory between them; a copy of this project fell into the hands of Louis XVIII.; his pride revolted, and in an interview with Wellington and Alexander, "My lord," said he to the first, "in entering France I thought to reign over the kingdom of my fathers. It seems I made a mistake; however, I cannot think of remaining here under any other condition. Will your government consent to receive me if I again ask its shelter?" "No, no!" cried Alexander, "Your majesty shall not lose your provinces, I will not suffer it." The Duke of Richelieu, friend of Alexander, and ancient governor of Odessa, then received orders to form the new cabinet. Richelieu hastened the conclusion of the treaty; the demands of the allies were reduced to five points:

1st. The cession of the territory comprising Philipsbourg, Marienbourg, Sarrelouis, and Landau.

2nd. The demolition of the fortress of Huningen.

3rd.-Payment of an indemnity of 7,000,000, without taking

into consideration the sums amounting to 3,000,000,

owing by the French government to particular individuals of different states.

4th.-Restitution of the department of Mont Blanc to the King of Sardinia.

5th.-Occupation of the frontiers, during a period of three

or five years, at the will of the allies, by 150,000 men, maintained at the expence of France.

The reaction which followed the excitement of the last few years took different forms. At Marseilles some Mamelukes were massacred; at Avignon Marshal Brune, and at Tolouse General Ramel, are killed by the populace. In the department of the Gard the reaction took a religious appear

ance; at Nimes and at Uzès the assassins run through the streets crying: "Death to the Protestants!" The Calvinists were massacred in the prisons, and their houses and temples burnt down. The local authorities remain inactive, and watch these atrocities with indifference; when the deputy, D'Argensen, demanded an inquiry into these acts he was called to order. In England Brougham raised his voice in favour of the Protestants; and in several places the victims are snatched from death by force of the Austrian bayonet.

The Chamber of deputies condemned to perpetual exile all regicides. Fouché now ambassador at Dresden is attainted by this law, and dies in exile. Le Bedoyère, Ney (the bravest of the brave), the two brothers Faucher, Mouton Duvernet, and Chartaud, are the first victims. Le Febre Desnouettes, Lallemand, Rigaud, and Savary are condemned to death.

The Chamber Introuvable proposed: 1st, The re-establishment of royalty upon its old basis. 2ndly. The creation of a territorial aristocracy. 3rdly. The political and financial constitution of the clergy of France.

Louis XVIII., by the advice of Richelieu, dissolved this chamber; its measures had been too violent; the command of the National Guard was also taken from the Count of Artois. The freedom of the press was abolished, and the conscription of the empire re-established.

The Inquisition was re-opened in Spain by Ferdinand VII.; he sent such eminent men as Martinez de la Rosa, Torreno, and Arguelles into exile. The provinces rose against him, Madrid received this news with joy, and Ferdinand, having no alternative but to abdicate or to give a constitution, swears to maintain the Charter.

At about eleven o'clock in the evening of the 13th February, 1820, the Duke of Berry was assassinated upon coming out of the opera, by a workman named Louvel, who forcing a passage for himself, struck him in the breast with a poignard, which he left in the wound. The Duke expired in the Chamber of Administration, in the arms of his wife, Caroline of Sicily, daughter of Francis I. Louis XVIII. was present at his death. Louvel, who had been arrested, answered with calmness the questions put to him, said that he had no accomplices, and that since 1814 he had meditated the project of delivering France of the Bourbons, and that if he had escaped this time, he had intended to assassinate successively all the princes of this family. He was executed, Place de la Grève, 7th June.

The birth of the Duke of Bordeaux, 20th September, 1820, was a source of joy to all the royal family.

Minor troubles occurred, but none of any importance until a military insurrection broke out at Befort and at Colmar. The ex-colonel Caron and his friend Roger are the victims of the provocation of police agents. Bands of troops, among whom were officers in disguise, over-run the country around Colmar, persuaded Caron and Roger to form them, and when these, deceived by perfidious demonstrations, cry, “Vive le Empereur!" the soldiers fall upon them and deliver them up to the authorities. Caron was shot, and six agents who had provoked this crime were publicly rewarded.

In the meantime the revolution in Spain continued, owing to the perfidy and weakness of Ferdinand VII. The Monks organised the troops of "Guérillas" (viz: little war, a name given to soldiers who were charged to fight the French from 1808-1814). These troops marched, crucifix in hand,