Ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis, in the sense of "captas ab altera cycnorum 397.] This and the following line express no more than the joy of the swans at their safety, the exact parallel between the swans and the ships having been anticipated at v. 396. * As surely as the swans are rejoicing in their safety, so surely shall you see your ships safe again.' 'Reduces' answers to reduces' in v. 390, the swans rallied from their confusion corresponding to the Trojans returning to port after the storm. Hom. has a simile from an eagle swooping on a flock of swans, II. 15. 690. 398.] Cinxere polum' like "cinxerunt aethera nimbi" 5. 13, though there is probably a notion of the swans wheeling about. 399.] Puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum tenet' = pubes tuorum cum puppibus tuis tenet." Il. 1. 179, Otkad' iv où mvol te ofis kai σoîs érápolơi. Tuorum' is distinguished from tuae' merely for variety's sake. 401.] "Quo via ducit" E. 9. 1. 402-417.] Aeneas discovers his mother as she leaves him. She makes him and Achates invisible.' 402.] "Roseum os" is attributed to Venus 2. 593. Comp. Hor. 1 Od. 13. 2, 400 405 "Telephi cervicem roseam." Comp. also Anacreon, 53, Pododáктvλos μèv 'Hús, 'Poδοπήχεις δὲ Νύμφαι, Ροδόχρους δ' 'Αφροδίτη. Ροδοδάκτυλος ήώς in Homer is not a parallel, as the colour there does not stand simply for beauty. In II. 3. 396 the first of several marks by which Helen recognizes Aphrodite is the beauty of her neck. 'Avertens' v. 104 above. Refulsit' probably expresses the sudden burst of splendour. Comp. v. 588 below, 2. 590, Hor. 1 Od. 12. 27, and Pers. Prol. 12. 403.] Divinum odorem.' Comp. delov odμns veûua Eur. Hipp. 1391, and Ôv. F. 5. 375, "tenuis secessit (dea) in auras; Mansit odor; posses scire fuisse deam." Fragrance such as the gods diffuse.' Otherwise we might have expected ‹ divino vertice,' as the passage is evidently imitated from Il. 1. 529, ̓Αμβρόσιαι δ ̓ ἄρα χαῖται επερρώσαντο ἄνακτος Κρατὸς ἀπ' ἀθανά TOO. 404.] Her short hunting tunic ("nuda genu" v. 320) changed into the flowing robe (palla') characteristic of a god or goddess. Comp. Tibull. 3. 4. 35 (of Apollo), Ima videbatur talis illudere palla," Prop. 4. 17.32 (of Bacchus), "Et feries nudos veste fluente pedes," &c. 405.] Incessu. Comp. v. 46, "quae divom incedo regina," and 5. 6-17. 407.] Quoque,' as Forb. says, is to be taken with crudelis,' not with ludis.' Comp. E. 8. 50. Totiens: Venus has only appeared once before to Aeneas, and then in her proper person, 2. 589. The expression must therefore refer to the feeling that he has been generally mocked and baffled. Falsis imaginibus' may be equivalent to 'fallendo imagines,' by assuming shapes not your own, by counterfeiting shapes, as in v. 683, though the contrast would still be intended with verae voces.' Ludis imaginibus? cur dextrae iungere dextram Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat. 409.] Veras,' without disguise on the one part or mistake on the other. The line is imitated from Catull. 62. (64.) 166, "Nec missas audire queunt nec reddere voces." 410 415 Paphos. Serv. suggests that 'laeta' is the fixed epithet of Venus; and piλoμμειδής actually occurs in the passage quoted immediately below, from which this is verbally imitated. Virg. however cannot have meant laeta' for a fixed epithet, though it is possible that he may have mistaken the character of the fixed epithet, and supposed that it was meant to have a special reference to the context, 411.] Aer' is here used in the sense of like some of the critics on Homer. Henry the Homeric anp, 'mist,' which sense how- (Class. Mus.) once thought it more poetical ever Virgil could only determine by the to make calent' the verb to templum' addition of the epithet obscuro.' See on as well as arae' than to understand est' 5. 20, "in nubem cogitur aer." This and with templum.' But the words are the three following lines are an imitation of clearly imitated from Od. 8. 362, 'H d' ăpa Od. 7. 14 17. See also Apoll. R. 3. 210 foll. Κύπρον ἵκανε φιλομμειδής Αφροδίτη Ἐς 412.] Nebulae amictu : from Il. 15. Πάφον· ἔνθα δέ οἱ τέμενος, βωμός τε θυήεις, 308, eiμévos pouv vepéλŋy, imitated by where Ovneis answers to 'calent' and 'haHor. 1 Od. 2. 31, "Nube candentis lant' here. How Virg. came to develope humeros amictus." There is a tmesis in the single altar of Hom. into a hundred circum fudit,' as fudit' alone would does not appear: probably it arose from have required multum amictum.' Dea' his turn for amplifying, as in G. 3. 18, is added rhetorically, expressing the di- A. 4. 199. The commentators observe vine power exerted in the action of the that sacrifices of blood were not offered line. So exactly vv. 691, 692 below. to Venus, citing Tac. H. 2. 3 (in Catull. Comp. also vv. 195, 198 above. 64 (66). 90 foll. the reading and interpretation are doubtful). Horace however, 1 Od. 19. 16, and 4 Od. 11. 7, refers to a different practice. Sertis,' festoons. 418-440.] As they enter the city, they see the Carthaginians building, as busy as bees in spring.' 414.] The sense of moliri moram' may be either to plan or compass delay ("Insidias avibus moliri" G, 1. 270) or to create an obstacle ("moles"). Comp. generally 6, 488, from which the Longobardic and a few other MSS. read 'discere' here. 415.] Sublimis,' through the air. "Sublimis abit" occurs Livy 1. 16, of the ascent of Romulus, Id. ib. 34, of the eagle that took off Tarquin's cap. Virg. was thinking of Od, 6. 41, as well as of the passage quoted on the next line. 416.] Laeta' probably to be contrasted with "tristior" v. 228. Heyne and Wagn. take it as having reference to her love for 418.] For corripuere' see note on G. 3. 104. Qua semita monstrat,' like “qua te ducit via," v. 401. Elsewhere 'via' and 'semita' are opposed, as a main road' and a bye-path' (see Forc.); here 'via' is general, semita' particular. 419.] Plurimus urbi imminet,' 'hangs with mighty mass over the city.' Heyne comp. "plurima cervix," G. 3. 52. Imminet adversasque adspectat desuper arces. 420.] The words adversas adspectat' may contain a notion of the height of the buildings rising to meet the mountain which looks down on them. 421.] Comp. Od. 7. 43, where Ulysses first sees the city of the Phaeacians. Virgil too may have had his eye on Apoll. R. 3. 215 foll. Molem,' the vast buildings. Hor. 3 Od. 29. 10, "Fastidiosam desere copiam et Molem propinquam nubibus arduis." Magalia,' apparently the same as "mapalia" G. 3. 340, where see note. The word, which is a Punic one, occurs again 4. 259, Plaut. Poen. prol. 86. In these two places it seems simply to mean suburbs (comp. the fragments of Sall. and Cassius Hemina cited by Serv.); here there is evidently a disparaging sense intended, as we should say, mere huts. The contrast, as Serv. remarks, is in the poet's own mind, not in that of Aeneas. Comp. 8. 360. 420 425 according to one reading, in a passage of Hom. (Od. 7. 86), immediately following that which Virg. has just been imitating. 424.]Moliri,' to build,' as in 3. 132, Hor. A. P. 399. 'Arcem,' the citadel proper, as distinguished from the arces,' v. 424. 'Subvolvere saxa,' to roll them up to the eminence on which the citadel was being built. 425.] Optare,' 'to choose,' as in 3. 119, 132. There is a reading 'aptare,' found in some MSS., including Rom. as originally written, and rather preferred by Henry, seemingly without reason. 'Sulco' is generally taken as the trench for the foundations. Lersch however (Antiqq. Vergg. § 19) understands 'optare' of choosing with auspices, and concludere sulco' of drawing a trench of demarcation round the houses, supposing that Virgil has transferred the solemnity of founding 422.] Strepitum,' the hum of the a city to the foundation of private dwellcrowded streets. "Omitte mirari beatae ings. Henry makes 'tecto' general, so as Fumum et opes strepitumque Romae,' to include citadel as well as private houses, Hor. 1. c. Strata viarum' is from Lucr. supposing the distinction marked by 'pars 1.315., 4.415. Paved streets.' The expres--pars,' to be between actual building and sion, which, as Madv. (§ 284, obs. 5) re- laying out. marks, hovers between the partitive notion and that of quality, is used more boldly by Lucr. than by Virg., e. g. "prima virorum," "aliena rogorum." 423.] A semicolon is commonly placed at "Tyrii;' but 'insto' is found with an infin. 627, Lucr. 4. 998. Pars-pars' part are at work on the fortifications, part on the houses. Such seems the general distinction; but there is no occasion, with Forb., to suppose that 'muri' must be the walls of the citadel, as if 'pars' could only mean a party actually engaged in the same work on the same spot. It is doubtful whether 'ducere muros,' which occurs here and in Hor. 4 Od. 6. 23, means to trace' or 'to build' (carry) the wall. Serv. quotes a fragment from Sall. Hist. 2 ("Murum ab angulo dextri lateris ad paludem haud procul remotam duxit") which makes for the latter interpretation; and so the Greek phrase ἐλαύνειν τοῖχον, which occurs, 426.] Heyne and Ribbeck think this line spurious, as interrupting the enumeration of buildings; but legislation ("iura dare") is mentioned in nearly the same connexion 3. 137., 5. 758. Virg. was probably thinking of the republican institutions of Rome and her colonies, without considering how this action of the people was to be reconciled with the authority of Dido (comp. v. 507). 'Sanctus' is the regular epithet of the Roman senate. Iura magistratusque legunt' is a zeugma, “ iura constituunt magistratusque legunt," as Forb. gives it. 427.] Effodiunt' appears to be strictly correct, as the harbour of Carthage, which Serv. calls Cothon, was artificial. "Theatri' is the reading of Med., theatris' of Rom., Pal. (originally), and fragm. Vat.; but the latter would be too great an exaggeration, and may easily have sprung from portus,' and 'scaenis.' For alta Fundamenta locant alii, inmanisque columnas fragm. Vat. has 'lata,' which Ribbeck 428.] Ribbeck follows fragm. Vat. in reading 'petunt' for 'locant,' apparently regarding the latter as introduced from 4. 266; but such a thing is hardly probable in the face of authorities so independent as Med., Pal., and Rom. In the previous line he adopts 'hine' from a quotation in Nonius, p. 340, who however has locant,' while fragm. Vat. apparently has 'hic,' so that not much can be made out of this coincidence. The theatre of M. Aemilius Scaurus had a 'scaena' of three stories, supported by 360 columns, Pliny 36. 15. 430.]Qualis apes exercet labor,' 'like the busy labour of bees.' 'Aestate nova :' comp. G. 4. 52, note. In the first bright days of summer,' when the hive, awakened from its winter torpor, is busiest and most like a young colony. These lines are repeated with slight variations from G. 4. 162-169; a reference to which passage proves that the divisions here introduced by cum' imply, not different times, but different parties, and so are parallel to the different occupations of the Carthaginians. The variations are liquentia for purissima,' and 'dulci' for liquido;' the first necessitated the second, and was natural. in a passage where bees and honey are not the main subject celebrated, but only an illustration. 432.] Liquentia,' from 'liqui,' not from 'liquere,' Lucr. 4. 141. 430 435 440 437.] The want of a city is the key-note of the whole Aeneid. Aeneas envies the Carthaginians as he envies Helenus and Andromache, 3. 493 foll. 438.] As he looks up to the battlements of the city; he having now descended the hill. 439.] Comp. Od. 7. 39 foll., 139 foll., where Ulysses walks invisible through the Phaeacians. Infert se saeptus,' like "sese tulit obvia,” v. 314 above. ་ 440.] Miscet' probably borrows 'se' from the previous line, as no other instance is quoted of its intransitive use. 441-493.] Aeneas enters a grove, where a temple is in building to Juno. There he sees represented the various incidents of the Trojan war.' 6 441.] Umbrae:' most MSS., including Med., Rom., Pal., and Gud., have 'umbra;' umbrae' however is the original reading of fragm. Vat., and has the authority of Probus ap. Serv., and Pomponius Sabinus; and it is recommended both by harmony and as the less usual expression. It is not easy to establish an argument on any peculiar construction of 'laetus' according to its senses, as it seems to have no uniform meaning with either case. "Laeta laborum," 11.73, may possibly mean 'prodigal of her labour;' but it is as likely to mean delighting in the task.' For sacred groves in cities, see Livy 1.8. 442.] The spot in which the Poeni after their wanderings first found the sign which Juno had taught them to expect.' The horse's head is to the Carthaginians Effodere loco signum, quod regia Iuno what the white sow is to Aeneas. Comp. 3. 388 foll., "Signa tibi dicam " &c. There is perhaps an intentional parallel between the dawn of hope to the Carthaginians on this spot and to Aeneas on the same spot. Comp. v. 450, where the expression is much the same. From this it would seem that 'primum' is an adverb, not an epithet of 'signum,' as Wagn. suggests. Comp. however 3. 537. 444.] 'Monstrarat' is commonly taken as "obiecerat or "monstro dederat," which would not agree with the pluperfect tense, or with the dependent words 'sic nam fore' &c., which follow. Caput acris equi:' Justin (18.5) has a story that the Carthaginians on first digging found an ox's head, which seemed to portend servitude; that they then dug again and found a horse's head; and that the two were then taken to portend plenty and success in war combined. Caelius Rhodius (referred to by Taubmann) says that Cacabe, the old name of Carthage, meant a horse's head, which, if true, would account for the legend. A horse's head is common on Punic coins. Acris equi' is paraphrased by Silius (2. 411), "bellator equus." In A. 3. 539 ("bello armantur equi") horses are taken as an omen of war. 445.] Facilem victu,' wealthy. Comp. G. 2. 460, "Fundit humo facilem victum iustissima tellus (of which expression this, as Heyne remarks, is only a variety), and A. 8. 318, " asper victu venatus.' Cerda comp. the Homeric Deol pela Cortes, and "facillime agitis," Ter. Adelph. 3. 4. 56, is cited by Serv. Bello egregiam et facilem victu' thus answers to the two characteristics of Carthage v. 14, "dives opum studiisque asperrima belli." Sen. Ep. 90, as Cerda remarks, uses the expression in an opposite sense, "sapiens victu facilis," 'easy of maintenance.' The horse may be a symbol of plenty, either as an appendage of wealth, or because a war-horse is high fed. 447.] 'Condebat' implies that the work was not complete. Opulentum donis et numine' is a zeugma, enriched by offerings and by the especial presence of the goddess." See on "coluisse," v. 16. There 445 448.] Limen,' in its strict sense. The threshold was of brass, with steps leading up to it. The latter particular is an ornamental one, and need not be understood as if the steps were of brass also. Brazen thresholds are Homeric, e. g. Od. 7. 89, of the palace of Alcinous, áрyúpeor dè σтalμol ev xaλkéw ëσтaoav ovde, a passage which may have been in Virgil's mind. The next clause presents a greater difficulty. All the first class MSS. seem to have 'nexaeque' (Wagn. excepts fragm. Vat., but Ribbeck is silent); nixaeque' is mentioned by Serv., found in some MSS., and adopted by Wagn. (ed. mi.), Forb., Henry, Ladewig, and Haupt. The external authority is quite sufficient to support the change, which is itself a very natural one (see on 4. 217., 5. 279, G. 4. 257); but its advocates are not agreed on the sense. Henry and Forb. take trabes' of the beams of the roof, which rest on brazen columns. Wagn. makes 'trabes' the doorposts, and understands nixae aere' in the sense of "stantes erectae aere," simply a periphrasis for 'brazen.' Ladewig makes trabes the architrave, which rests on pillars or jambs of brass. Of these the third seems the only one that can stand, the first being objectionable as introducing a particular about the rest of the building between two particulars about the door; the second as giving a forced and unnatural sense to nixae aere.' Understanding trabes' with Wagn. of the doorposts, I believe 'nexae aere' stands for 'aeratae,' as 'vinctae' or 'iunctae' might have done, the word being employed, not only to express the coherence of the plating with the thing plated, but to indicate the coherence of the posts with the threshold and the lintel, much as in Soph. El. 837 (which Wund. comp.) xpuσodérois Epkeσ is used |