square. It is nine stories (150 ft.) high, with a tower 285 ft. above the foundations, and is also completely fire-proof. The Christian Union, Independent, Home Journal, and Daily Graphic are published in Park Place. By turning from Printing-House Square down Frankfort St., Franklin Square is reached, with the vast publishing-house of the Har

pers.

Nassau St. runs S. from Printing-House Square to Wall St., passing the old Post-Office. It is a narrow, close street between lofty buildings, and is usually crowded with hurrying business men. The buildings are occupied by thousands of small offices; the periodical and cheap novel trade is largely centred here; in the cellars vast collections of old books are exposed for sale; and near Wall St. are several wealthy bankinghouses. Chatham St., the prolongation of Park Row, runs to the N. E. to Chatham Square, and is a narrow and dirty street, lined with dilapidated buildings, which are the homes of Jew tradesmen, old-clothes dealers, pawnbrokers, and low concert-saloons. From Chatham Square, unclean, crowded, and repulsive streets diverge on all sides; and a short distance to the W. are the gloomy purlieus of the Five Points. Running N. from Chatham Square is the Bowery, a broad and crowded thoroughfare which conducts, in 1 M., to the Cooper Institute. Although near Broadway, and nearly parallel with it, the Bowery forms a complete antithesis to that splendid thoroughfare. It is the avenue of the lower classes, and is lined with beer and concert saloons, shooting-galleries, policy-shops, lodging-houses, pawnbrokers, Jew merchants, and cheap retail shops, many of which are kept open on Sunday. The population here is cosmopolitan and unassimilated, consisting principally of Germans, and many of the signs are in German. Since the dismissal of the volunteer fire-department, the up-town march of business, and the new police system, the Bowery has greatly improved, and the ruffian bands of the "Bowery Boys" and "Dead Rabbits" no longer wage sanguinary war upon each other and the city guardians.

At the S. end of the City Hall Park, and opposite the Astor House, is the new *U. S. Post-Office, an immense and stately granite building, with lofty Louvre domes and a frontage (on the 4 sides) of 1,080 ft. The architecture is Doric and Renaissance (in those peculiar forms which Supervising Architect Mullett has used in all the new national buildings), and the front is adorned with 20 statues. The granite columns and blocks were cut and carved ready for their places at the Dix Island Quarries (Maine), and the building is incombustible. The lower floors are for the Post-Office (with a public corridor 600 ft. long and 25 ft. wide); the upper floors are for the U. S. Courts; and twelve elevators keep up vertical communication. The building was occupied in 1875, and probably cost $7,000,000. The City Hall is N. of the Post-Office, and is a

fine building of Massachusetts marble, 216 by 105 ft., with Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite pilasters lining its front. It has a graceful clocktower, which is illuminated at night. The Governor's room contains many portraits of New York worthies, painted by various American artists, and the table on which Washington wrote his first message to Congress; the chairs of the first Congress aird of Washington are preserved in the Alderman's and Mayor's rooms; and the Library is open all day. The City Hall was built 1803-10, and cost $700,000. N. of this edifice is the new Court House, a massive marble building in Corinthian architecture, 250 by 150 ft., and completely fire-proof.

The Court House was founded in 1861, and the cost of its construction was estimated at $800,000; but the infamous Tammany Ring gained control in the city (in 1869-70-71), and drew from the treasury over $12,000,000 on its account. $5,691,144 was received by J. H. Ingersoll (now in Sing Sing Prison) for furniture and repairs at the Court House and militia armories; and $2,905,464 was paid to A. J. Garvey for plastering and painting the same. The Tammany Ring (so called from Tammany Hall, the Democratic head-quarters) consisted of a number of unscrupulous men, ignorant and low-born, who got into power in the municipal government during a season of general apathy among the voters of the city. Having made their positions secure by heavily bribing the State Legislature and all other corrective powers, they entered upon a career of open plundering and unblushing theft, presenting "an example of criminal abuse of public trust without parallel in the history of the world." The Court House was a mine of wealth to the Ring, and in its present incomplete condition (a lofty and graceful dome is to be added) has cost as much as the Houses of Parliament at London, or the Capitol at Washington. The authorities attempted to suppress the freedom of speech and the liberties of the press, and during their rule the government of the city cost $30,000,000 a year. In July, 1871, a dissension arose in the Ring, and one of its members made a public statement of the robberies. The newspapers turned their immense power against the corrupt powers; the citizens arose and appointed a committee of 70; the Democratic leaders of the old school repudiated their unprincipled partisans; and at the ensuing elections the Ring was overwhelmingly defeated. Some of its members fled before the storm of popular wrath; the rest were tried before the civil courts. A few escaped, bearing an ineffaceable stigma ; and others were sentenced to years of penal servitude in the State prisons. Wm. M. Tweed, the "Boss" of the Ring (formerly a chairmaker's apprentice and foreinan of a company of ruffianly firemen), made $15-20,000,000 out of the plunder; and was sentenced (in 1873) to 12 years' imprisonment in the penitentiary. He escaped and fled in 1875. "Not an official implicated in these infamies has had the virtue to commit suicide."

Opposite the Court House is the great marble building devoted to A. T. Stewart's wholesale trade (shawls, silks, and dry-goods), standing on the site of a British fort of 1776-83. Passing up Broadway, with immense and costly buildings on either side, and similarly lined streets running off to the r. and 1., the brilliant windows, the throngs on the sidewalks, and the roar of the street cause constant surprise. At the corner of Pearl and Elm Sts. is the printing-house of Frank Leslie. On the r. is the "Bloody Sixth" Ward (bounded by Broadway, Canal, Bowery, and Chatham Sts.), with its dense and dangerous population, its filth, poverty, and crime. Leonard St. diverges to the r. to the city prison, called the Tombs, a granite building in the form of a hollow square, 200 by 252 ft. It is massively built in the gloomiest and heaviest form of

Egyptian architecture, and is usually crowded with criminals. In the interior of the quadrangle is the place of executions. A short distance beyond, at the intersection of Baxter, Park, and Worth Sts., is the Five Points, formerly the most terrible locality in the city and Republic, but now somewhat improved by the aggressions of religious missions. In this vicinity are the crowded and reeking tenements, the narrow and filthy alleys, the unspeakable corruption and utter depravity, of the slums of the Empire City. It is well to be accompanied by a policeman during a visit to this district, both to insure personal safety and to learn minute details (late evening is the best time).

The Five Points Mission (founded in 1850, "to provide food and clothing for the poor, to provide for destitute children, and to furnish temporary shelter and aid to the homeless ") is at 61 Park St., and clothes and educates 450 children. The Five Points House of Industry (155 Worth St.) was founded in 1854, and has furnished over 5,000,000 meals, lodges 90,000 yearly, and supports 400 children and 40 homeless women yearly. The Howard Mission (40 New Bowery) is on the verge of slums that reek with appalling degradation, and is doing a noble philanthropic work. Near Baxter St. is the Chinese quarter, inhabited by quiet and industrious Celestials, with a plurality of Irish wives.

Advancing up Broadway, Walker St. is seen leading to the 1. to the Hudson River R. R. freight depot, whose W. front is adorned by the largest bronze groups in the world (emblematic of Vanderbilt's career). The ancient Chapel of St. John fronts on the depot, which was built on St. John's Park. Passing now up Broadway by the superb white marble building (in Ionic architecture, costing $1,000,000) of the N. Y. Life Insurance Co., and the tall Brandreth House, the broad thoroughfare of Canal St. is crossed. At 472 Broadway, near Grand St., is the Apprentices' Library (48,000 volumes). Lord and Taylor's vast wholesale store, the St. Nicholas Hotel, Appleton's brilliantly adorned bookstore, and Ball, Black, & Co.'s jewelry store, are seen on the 1.; with the Prescott and Metropolitan Hotels and several theatres on the r.

Prince St. leads to the E. to the Cathedral of St. Patrick, a large plain building which dates from 1815, and has in its graveyard a monument A la memoire de Pierre Landais, Ancien Contre-Amiral des Etats Unis, Qui disparut Juin 1818." Beyond the Olympic Theatre, Broadway is crossed by Bleecker St., the Latin quarter of N. Y., and "the head-quarters of Bohemianism"; near which (at 300 Mulberry St.) is the Police Head-quarters, from which telegraphic wires run to all parts of the city. There are about 2,400 policemen, of whom 700 are on duty by day, and 1,400 patrol the streets at night. They are armed with clubs and revolv ers; are carefully drilled in infantry tactics; and have always proved brave and resolute in the presence of danger. The Broadway squad is composed of men chosen from the whole force on account of their superior stature and fine appearClose by the Police Head-quarters is Harry Hill's dance-house, a dangerous resort of the disreputable classes. Near the corner of Amity and Greene Sts. is the Midnight Mission, a charitable reformatory institution which has achieved great results for good in one of the worst parts of the city.

ance.

The second side street to the 1. beyond the lofty Grand Central Hotel leads to Washington Square, a pleasant park of 9 acres, laid out on the old Potter's Field, where over 100,000 bodies are buried in trenches. On

the E. side is the University of the City of New York, a fine marble building 200 ft. long, in English collegiate architecture, with a large Gothic window lighting the chapel. The University was founded in 1831, and has schools of art, medicine, law, civil engineering, and chemistry, with about 50 professors and teachers, and from 500 to 600 students. Alongside the University is a handsome stone church of the Methodists. On E. Washington Place is the home of Cornelius Vanderbilt, the railroad king, who was born on Staten Island in 1794, and operated in the steamboat trade for 40 years. He then turned his attention to railroads, and is now worth $40,000,000. Above the Grand Central Hotel, Astor Place leads off obliquely to the r. to the Mercantile Library, a circulating library of about 160,000 volumes (with 8 branches in adjacent cities), which has a reading-room containing 452 periodicals (open 9 a. M. to 10 P. M.; $5 a year; strangers admitted to read on introduction from members). This library is in Clinton Hall, the first opera-house in N. Y. Here occurred the fatal riots between the people and the patricians, during Macready's performances, when the military fired upon the mob and killed many persons. Close by (on the S.), in Lafayette Place, is the * Astor Library, occupying 2 lofty halls in a large Romanesque building. The library was endowed by John Jacob Astor with $400,000, and has over 150,000 volumes, besides rare old books and considerable departments in the European languages (open to the public from 9 to 5 o'clock). Adjoining the library lived the late Wm. B. Astor, the richest citizen of the U. S., a plain, cold, hard-working man, who was worth $60-100,000,000. The Bible House (at the end of Astor Place) is an immense structure, 6 stories high, covering of an acre, with 728 ft. frontage, and containing 600 operatives. It belongs to the American Bible Society, and besides the vast number of Bibles issued from its presses, there are 13 religious and philanthropic papers published in the building. Since 1817 this Society has received nearly $6,000,000, and has issued 10,000,000 Bibles and Testaments in 24 languages, besides granting $500,000 to missionary stations. Several powerful religious organizations are domiciled in the Bible House. Opposite this point is the * Cooper Institute, a large brown-stone building which occupies an entire square, and was founded by Peter Cooper, a wealthy and philanthropic iron manufacturer of N. Y. (born in 1791, and still living). It has a great library and reading-room, with courses of lectures and special studies (designing, telegraphy, etc., for women), nearly all of which are free to the public. In this building are the rooms of the American Institute and the American Geographical Society. Just S. of the Institute is the iron building of the Tompkins Market, over which is the armory of the wealthy and aristocratic 7th Regiment of the National Guard of the State of N. Y., a thoroughly disciplined corps of citizen-soldiers.

Down 7th St. to the E. is Tompkins Square, an open ground of 10 acres, used for the parades of the militia and police, and a favorite breathing-place for the workingmen who live in the vicinity. Here occurred the conflict between the communists and the police, in 1873. Retween Tompkins Square and the Bowery is the densely populated 17th Ward, with 2,395 tenement-houses, and 95,087 inhabitants, on M. square. Near Tompkins Square (3d St., near Ave. A) is the Church of the Most Holy Redeemer (German Catholic), with a spire 265 ft. high.

Stuyvesant Place leads N. E. from the Cooper Institute, passing the ancient Church of St. Mark ("in the Bowerie"), which has the tombs of the Dutch Captain-General Stuyvesant (died in 1682), the British Governor Sloughter, and the American Governor Tompkins. At the end of the place is the yellow sandstone building of the N. Y. Historical Society.

It is to be regretted that, on account of some trifling depredations, the fine collections of this Society are closed against the people (except such as can get a ticket from a member). The Abbott collection of Egyptian antiquities was gathered by Dr. Abbott during a residence of 20 years in Cairo, and includes 1,118 specimens, among which are ornaments, amulets, and statuettes in gold, silver, bronze, porcelain, alabaster, marble, ivory, and glass; weapons, papyri, and mummies; 3 great mummied bulls; the head of a colossal statue of the Pharaoh of the Exodus; the armor of King Shishak, captor of Jerusalem in 971 B. C.; strawless bricks of the Hebrew captivity; the gold signet-ring of King Cheops, builder of the great Pyramid, in the year 2352 B. C.; and the golden jewelry of Menes, the first king named in history (2771 B. c.). The Lenox collection of Nineveh sculptures includes 13 pieces, representing the mystical figures of the old Assyrian theology. The Gallery of Art has 607 pictures, including 10 portraits by A. B. Durand, 11 by Jarvis, 4 by Elliott, 8 (Indians) by St. Memin, 3 each by Hicks, Huntington, and Osgood; 13 pictures by Flagg, and examples of Cranch, Ingham, Trumbull, Mount, the Peales, Stuart, Gignoux, Sully, Vanderlyn, Copley, Benjamin West, and Page. Among other works of Thomas Cole is the celebrated series called "The Course of Empire." Of the old masters there are (of the Flemish School) by Wouvermans 4 pictures, by Van der Velde 4, by Terburg 3, by Jan Both 4, by Van Bloemen 3, by Teniers the Younger 7, by Weenix, Snyders, Steen, Ruysdael, Rembrandt, Van Ostade, Neefs, Mabuse, Hemling, Van Eyck, Douw, Cuyp, Brouwer, Berghem, Phillipe de Champagne, Quintin Matsys, Van Dyck (3 pictures), and Rubens (5). Of the German School, by Valkenburg, Schoen, Holbein (2), Durer, Denner, and Lucas Cranach (2). Of the French School, 5 by Nicholas Poussin, 3 by Guaspre Poussin, 4 of the school of Claude Lorraine, 2 Courtois, 2 Mignard, 4 Joseph Vernet, 2 Horace Vernet, 3 Decamps, 2 Boucher, 7 Watteau, 6 by J. B. Greuze, and examples of Prud'hon, Tourniere, Le Sueur, Chardin, and Rigaud. Of the English School, by Gainsborough, Lawrence, West, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Hogarth. Of the Spanish School, 5 by Diego Velasquez, and 4 by MURILLO. Of the School of Italy, 3 by Giottino, 2 Gaddi, 2 Memmi, Cimabue, Bordone; 2 by Leonardo da Vinci, 2 Giorgione, and originals by Uccello, Castagno, Botticelli, Perugino, RAPHAEL Ferrari, Fra Bartolomeo, TITIAN, Tintoretto, Zucco, Veronese, Del Piombo, Andrea del Sarto; 2 by Mantegna, 2 by Correggio, 3 by Annibale Caracci, and examples by Romano, Luini, Bronzini, Domenichino, Guido, Gentileschi, Sassoferrato, Canaletto, and the schools of Carlo Dolci and Salvator Rosa. There are about 60 busts and pieces of statuary, by Brown, Greenough, Houdon, Chantrey, Palmer, Clevenger, Mills, Ives, Ball, Launitz, and the Crawford marbles.

Returning to Broadway and passing N., the dry-goods store of A. T. Stewart & Co. is seen on the r. (corner of 9th St.), with its 5 stories of iron and glass, and 15 acres of flooring. It is the largest store in the world, and its sales average $ 60,000 a day. There are about 2,000 employees in the building, and the salesrooms extend through 3 stories (the third being devoted to carpets). * Grace Church and Rectory are now seen on the r.,